Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the three groups
| Control group (n=83) | Non-clinical group (n=92) | Clinical group (n=84) | Difference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Site | ||||||
| London | 43 (52%) | 51 (55%) | 43 (51%) | .. | ||
| Bangor, Gwynedd | 40 (48%) | 41 (45%) | 41 (49%) | .. | ||
| Sources | 18 (22%) suggested by non-clinical participants, 65 (78%) from GP and university registers or circulars | 82 (89%) specialist groups and fora, 10 (11%) from SELCoH and GP registers | 29 (35%) from inpatient wards, 55 (65%) from community services | .. | ||
| Sex | χ2=31·3, df=2, p<0·001 | |||||
| Men | 26 (31%) | 25 (27%) | 55 (66%) | .. | ||
| Women | 57 (69%) | 67 (73%) | 29 (34%) | .. | ||
| Age (years) | 46 (13) | 46 (14) | 42 (13) | F(2,256)=2·5, p=0·09 | ||
| Ethnicity | χ2=20·1, df=2, p<0·001 (white vs others) | |||||
| White | 75 (90%) | 80 (87%) | 55 (66%) | .. | ||
| Mixed | 2 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 4 (5%) | .. | ||
| Asian | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | .. | ||
| Black | 3 (4%) | 6 (7%) | 22 (26%) | .. | ||
| Other | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | .. | ||
| Education (years) | 17·1 (4·0)* | 16·8 (4·2) | 14·7 (5·8)* | F(2,254)=6·3, p=0·002 | ||
| Spiritual† | 34 (41%) | 82 (91%)‡ | 62 (77%)§ | χ2=54·2; df=2 p<0·001 | ||
| Religion | χ2=68·2; df=4 p<0·001 | |||||
| None | 48 (58%) | 32 (35%) | 16 (19%) | .. | ||
| Mainstream | 28 (34%) | 19 (21%) | 55 (66%) | .. | ||
| Non-traditional | 7 (8%) | 41 (45%) | 13 (16%) | .. | ||
| IQ¶ | 112 (16·5)† | 105 (14·0)‡ | 85 (14·2)‖ | F(2,247)=71·1, p<0·001 | ||
| Psychotic experiences | ||||||
| Age at onset (years) | .. | 15 (12·3) | 22 (10·4) | t(174)=3·9, p<0·001 | ||
| Time since onset (years) | .. | 31·2 (15·3) | 20·2 (12·9) | t(174)=5·1, p<0·001 | ||
| Lifetime auditory hallucinations | .. | 71 (77%) | 74 (88%) | χ2=3·6, df=1, p=0·06 | ||
| AANEX score | ||||||
| Total lifetime** | .. | 34·8 (4·9) | 36·3 (6·4)‡ | F(1,172)=2·8, p=0· 514†† | ||
| Total current | .. | 28·6 (5·1) | 30·1 (6·2)‡ | F(1,172)=2·9, p=0· 475†† | ||
| Meaning reference factor (current)‡‡ | .. | 7·7 (2·1) | 7·5 (2·2)‡ | F(1,172)=0·7, p=0· 975†† | ||
| First-rank symptoms factor (current)‡‡ | .. | 7·5 (1·9) | 8·1 (2·5)‡ | F(1,172)=2·8, p=0· 507†† | ||
| Hallucinatory-paranormal factor (current)‡‡ | .. | 5·9 (1·7) | 5·1 (1·9)‡ | F(1,172)=9·3, p=0·021†† | ||
| Dissociative-perceptual factor (current)‡‡ | .. | 3·8 (1·4) | 4·5 (1·8)‡ | F(1,172)=7·5, p=0·048†† | ||
| Cognitive-attentional factor (current)‡‡ | .. | 3·8 (1·6) | 5·1 (1·7)‡ | F(1,172)=28·4, p<0·007†† | ||
| Diagnosis (ICD-10) | ||||||
| Schizophrenia | .. | .. | 53 (63%) | .. | ||
| Schizoaffective | .. | .. | 13 (16%) | .. | ||
| Psychosis NOS | .. | .. | 6 (7%) | .. | ||
| F30–39 | .. | .. | 11 (13%) | .. | ||
| Antipsychotic medications and doses | ||||||
| None | .. | .. | 8 (10%) | .. | ||
| Medicated | .. | .. | 76 (90%) | .. | ||
| Typical | .. | .. | 8 (10%) | .. | ||
| Atypical | .. | .. | 47 (62%) | .. | ||
| Clozapine | .. | .. | 21 (28%) | .. | ||
| >1 antipsychotic | .. | .. | 13 (17%) | .. | ||
| Additional psychotropic medications | .. | .. | 55 (72%) | .. | ||
| Median percentage maximum daily recommended dose (range) | .. | .. | 50% (12–100)§§ | .. | ||
| Hospital admissions | .. | .. | 4·4 (3·6)¶¶ | .. | ||
Data are number (%) or mean (SD). GP=general practitioner. SELCoH=South East London Community Health Study.18 AANEX=Appraisals of Anomalous Experiences Interview-Inventory.10
One participant missing.
Answered ‘Yes’ to “Would you describe yourself as a spiritual person”.
Two participants missing.
Three participants missing.
Estimated with four subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition—Short Form (WAIS-III):21 information, block design, arithmetic, and digit symbol.
Six missing participants.
Potential range of scores for both totals 17–51.
p value Sidak adjusted for seven multiple tests.
Factor scores range from 3 to 9 (4–12 for meaning reference and first-rank symptoms).
Four participants missing.
Five participants missing.