Table 3.
Comparisons of threatening versus non-threatening appraisal scores, global ratings, personal relevance, and incorporation
| Clinical(n=84)* | Non-clinical (n=92)† | Controls (n=83)‡ | Effect size (2 df)§ | Clinical vs non-clinical (1 df) | Non-clinical vs controls (1 df) | Clinical vs controls (1 df) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threatening appraisals | |||||||
| Cards task | 2·45 (2·54) | 0·40 (0·78) | 0·55 (0·78) | K=52·80, p<0·006 | U=1616, p<0·003, r=0·52 | U=3115, p=0·070, r=0·17 | U=1769, p<0·003, r=0·41 |
| Telepath application task | 2·05 (1·97) | 0·32 (0·65) | 0·54 (0·82) | K=58·58, p<0·006 | U=1537, p<0·003, r=0·54 | U=3173, p=0·121, r=0·15 | U=1772, p<0·003, r=0·44 |
| VASP task | 1·52 (1·86) | 0·20 (0·55) | 0·23 (0·53) | K=56·84, p<0·006 | U=1714, p<0·003, r=0·51 | U=3542, p=0·595, r=0·09 | U=1663, p<0·003, r=0·46 |
| Non-threatening appraisals | |||||||
| Cards task | 5·06 (2·91) | 6·16 (2·76) | 6·25 (2·67) | K=8·64, p=0·076 | U=2898, p=0·047, r=0·18 | U=3692, p=0·993, r=0·02 | U=2477, p=0·021, r=0·21 |
| Telepath application task | 4·73 (3·17) | 5·56 (3·13) | 5·25 (3·06) | K=3·44, p=0·696 | U=3080, p=0·169, r=0·14 | U=3475, p=0·882, r=0·05 | U=3045, p=0·627, r=0·09 |
| VASP task | 5·91 (2·59) | 6·64 (2·42) | 6·55 (2·27) | K=2·20, p=0·910 | U=3151, p=0·407, r=0·11 | U=3722, p=0·986, r=0·02 | U=2917, p=0·611, r=0·09 |
| Global salience | |||||||
| Cards task | 6·28 (3·09) | 3·61 (3·00) | 4·17 (2·90) | K=31·68, p<0·015 | U=1978, p<0·003, r=0·40, | U=3338, p=0·469, r=0·10 | U=2019, p<0·003, r=0·34 |
| Telepath application task | 6·16 (3·43) | 3·22 (3·15) | 4·20 (2·85) | K=31·72, p<0·015 | U=1993, p<0·003, r=0·40 | U=2900, p=0·041, r=0·19 | U=2215, p<0·003, r=0·31 |
| VASP task | 5·38 (3·25) | 3·46 (3·14) | 3·57 (2·81) | K=17·25, p<0·015 | U=2455 p<0·003, r=0·28 | U=3621, p=0·909, r=0·05 | U=2248, p<0·003, r=0·27 |
| Global distress | |||||||
| Cards task | 1·70 (2·61) | 0·22 (0·80) | 0·13 (0·44) | K=42·23, p<0·015 | U=2394, p<0·003, r=0·40 | U=3751, p=0·999, r=0·01 | U=2114, p<0·003, r=0·40 |
| Telepath application task | 1·34 (2·25) | 0·26 (0·79) | 0·24 (0·96) | K=25·76, p<0·015 | U=2700, p<0·003, r=0·30 | U=3592, p=0·920, r=0·04 | U=2445, p<0·003, r=0·33 |
| VASP task | 3·08 (3·35) | 1·36 (2·46) | 1·24 (2·22) | K=19·96, p<0·015 | U=2494, p<0·003, r=0·29 | U=3813, p=1·0, r<0·01 | U=2205, p<0·003, r=0·30 |
| Global threat | |||||||
| Cards task | 1·69 (2·79) | 0·16 (0·60) | 0·10 (0·37) | K=43·96, p<0·015 | U=2421, p<0·003, r=0·40 | U=3712, p=0·973, r=0·03 | U=2100, p<0·003, r=0·41 |
| Telepath application task | 1·22 (2·13) | 0·19 (0·81) | 0·13 (0·49) | K=31·31, p<0·015 | U=2618, p<0·003, r=0·34 | U=3678, p=0·999, r=0·01 | U=2433, p<0·003, r=0·34 |
| VASP task | 2·08 (3·03) | 0·95 (2·04) | 0·82 (1·78) | K=9·55 p=0·114 | U=2924, p=0·030, r=0·20 | U=3779, p=0·998, r=0·01 | U=2589, p=0·021, r=0·21 |
| Personal relevance | |||||||
| Cards task | Yes 13 (16%) No 66 (84%) |
Yes 3 (3%) No 89 (97%) |
Yes 1 (1%) No 80 (99%) |
χ2=15·30, p<0·015 | χ2=8·73, p=0·012, OR 5·84 (95% CI 1·60–21·34) | χ2=0·78, p=0·945, OR 2·70 (95% CI 0·28–26·45) | χ2=11·61, p=0·003 OR, 15·76 (95% CI 2·01–123·62) |
| Telepath application task | Yes 13 (16%) No 69 (84%) |
Yes 4 (4%)) No 86 (96%) |
Yes 1 (1%)) No 82 (99%) |
χ2=13·65, p=0·015 | χ2=6·27, p=0·056, OR 4·05 (95% CI 1·26–12·98) | χ2=1·62, p=0·750, OR 3·81 (95% CI 0·42–34·84) | χ2=11·40, p=0·003, OR 15·45 (95% CI 1·97–121·09) |
| VASP task | Yes 21 (28%) No 55 (72%) |
Yes 3 (3%) No 89 (97%) |
Yes 2 (2%) No 81 (98%) |
χ2=30·68, p<0·0015 | χ2=20·19, p<0·003, OR 11·33 (95% CI 3·23–39·76) | χ2=0·11, p=1·0, OR 1·37 (95% CI 0·22–8·38) | χ2=20·40, p<0·003, OR 15·46 (95% CI 3·48–68·63) |
| Incorporation | |||||||
| Cards task | Yes 30 (37%) No 50 (63%) |
Yes 4 (4%) No 88 (96%) |
.. | .. | χ2=29·65, p<0·0015, OR 13·2 (95% CI 4·40–39·64) | .. | .. |
| Telepath application task | Yes 32 (40%) No 49 (60%) |
Yes 5 (6%) No 84 (94%) |
.. | .. | χ2=29·12, p<0·0015, OR 11·20 (95% CI 4·09–30·66) | .. | .. |
| VASP task | Yes 26 (34%) No 51 (66%) |
Yes 6 (6%) No 86 (94%) |
.. | .. | χ2=20·27, p<0·0015, OR 7·31 (95% CI 2·82–18·95) | .. | .. |
Data for groups are mean (SD) or number (%). All p values are Sidak adjusted for six multiple tests for threatening and non-threatening appraisal ratings, 15 for global ratings, personal relevance, and incorporation, and three for individual group comparisons. K=Kruskal-Wallis. U=Mann-Whitney U. VASP=Virtual Acoustic Space Paradigm. OR=odds ratio.
Four participants had missing data for the cards task (five on personal relevance), two for the Telepath application task (three on incorporation), and five for the VASP task (six on threatening and non-threatening appraisals, seven on incorporation, eight on personal significance).
Two participants had missing data for the Telepath application task (three on global dimensions and incorporation).
One participant had missing data for the cards task (two on personal relevance), and one for the Telepath application task (one on non-threatening appraisals).
Effect sizes for Mann-Whitney U values calculated as r=Z / square root of N, where N is the number of samples; 0·1 indicates small effect, 0·3 medium, and 0·5 large.