Fig. 1.

Effect of nano emodin on mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency in T2DM rats. a. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) in T2DM rats treated with nano emodin (5 mg/ml per rat, containing 1 mg pure emodin) was higher than in T2DM rats (p < 0.01). There was no difference between the DM group and DM + nanocarrier group (p > 0.05). The upper limit of MWT detection was 26.0 g. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to the control group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 compared to the DM group. b. The thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) in DM rats treated with nano emodin was higher than in DM rats (p < 0.01). There was no difference between the DM group and DM + nanocarrier group (p > 0.05). The upper limit of TWL detection was 30 s. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 8, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to the control group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 compared to the DM group