Table 1.
Experimentally defined protozoan hosts of L. pneumophila.
| Protozoan species | Protozoan strain | L. pneumophila serogroup (Sg): strain | Fate of L. pneumophila | Experimental evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthamoeba spp. | AMI137, AMI116, AMI073, AMI191, Humidifier strain | Sg1: Lens | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Phase-contrast microscopy | Rowbotham, 1980; Dupuy et al., 2016 |
| Sg2: Togus-1 | |||||
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg5: Cambridge-2 | |||||
| Acanthamoeba sp. 155 | Sg1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Epifluorescence microscopy | Cervero-Aragó et al., 2014, 2015 | |
| Acanthamoeba astronyxis | Isolate C37C6 | Sg1: Philadelphia-1 | Live cells are packaged in expelled pellets | Electron microscopy | Marciano-Cabral and Cabral, 2003; Amaro et al., 2015 |
| Acanthamoeba castellanii | ATCC® 30234™, CCAP 1534/2, L1501/2A, L501/2A, Neff | Sg1: JR32, Lens, Paris, Philadelphia-1, Philadelphia-2, Pontiac-1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Rowbotham, 1980; Holden et al., 1984; Moffat and Tompkins, 1992; Hilbi et al., 2001; Bouyer et al., 2007; Tyson et al., 2013; Mengue et al., 2016 |
| Sg2: Togus-1 | |||||
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg4: Los Angeles | |||||
| Sg6: Oxford-1 | |||||
| Neff | Sg5: Dallas 1E | Live cells are packaged in expelled pellets | Electron microscopy | Berk et al., 1998 | |
| Acanthamoeba lenticulata | PD2 | Sg1: AX71, Philadelphia-1, SC94, SC97 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting | Molmeret et al., 2001 |
| Sg2: AX2 | |||||
| Sg3: AX52, AX54, AX82 | |||||
| Acanthamoeba palestinensis | Sg1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy, Epifluorescence microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy | Anand et al., 1983; Harf et al., 1997 | |
| Acanthamoeba polyphaga | Ap-1, L1501/3A, Puschkarew | Sg1: AA100, Corby, Nottingham-8, Leeds 1A SAP, Leeds-4, Lp02, Philadelphia-2, Pontiac-1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy, Phase-contrast microscopy | Rowbotham, 1980, 1986; Kilvington and Price, 1990; Gao et al., 1997; Buse and Ashbolt, 2011 |
| Sg2: Oxford-2, Togus-1 | |||||
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg4: Los Angeles-1 | |||||
| Sg5: Cambridge-2 | |||||
| Sg6 | |||||
| Sg7: Dallas-5, Chicago-8 | |||||
| Sg8: York-1, Concord-3 | |||||
| Puschkarew | Sg5: Dallas 1E | Intracellular Survival, Live cells are packaged in expelled pellets | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Berk et al., 1998; Buse and Ashbolt, 2011 | |
| Acanthamoeba royreba | Sg4: Los Angeles | Intracellular multiplication | Bacteria cell count, Epifluorescence microscopy | Tyndall and Domingue, 1982 | |
| Balamuthia mandrillaris | CDC-V039 | Sg1: JR32, 130b | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Phase-contrast microscopy | Shadrach et al., 2005 |
| Ciliophrya sp. | Sg1: Corby | Intracellular survival | Epifluorescence microscopy | Rasch et al., 2016 | |
| Dictyostelium discoideum | AX2, AX2-214, AX3 | Sg1: Benidorm 030E, Corby, Philadelphia-1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Hägele et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2000 |
| Echinamoeba exudans | SH274 | Sg1: RI-243 | Intracellular multiplication | Electron microscopy | Fields et al., 1989 |
| Hartmannella cantabrigiensis | Sg2: PR-1 | Intracellular multiplication | Electron microscopy | Rowbotham, 1986 | |
| Sg5: Leeds-10 | |||||
| Sg7: Chicago-8, Dallas-5 | |||||
| Sg8: York-1 | |||||
| Naegleria spp. | AMI242, AMI117, AMI135, AMI161 | Sg1: Lens | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting | Dupuy et al., 2016 |
| Naegleria fowleri | Lee | Sg1: Lp02 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Newsome et al., 1985; Buse and Ashbolt, 2011 |
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg6: Chicago-2 | |||||
| Sg5: Dallas 1E | Intracellular survival | CFU counting | Buse and Ashbolt, 2011 | ||
| Naegleria gruberi | 1518/1E | Sg2: Togus-1 | Intracellular multiplication | Phase-contrast microscopy | Rowbotham, 1980 |
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg5: Cambridge-2 | |||||
| Naegleria jadini | B1518/2 | Sg2: Togus-1 | Intracellular multiplication | Phase-contrast microscopy | Rowbotham, 1980 |
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg5: Cambridge-2 | |||||
| Naegleria lovaniensis | TS | Sg1: Philadelphia-1, 130b | Intracellular multiplication | Confocal microscopy, CFU counting, Bacteria cell count, Epifluorescence microscopy | Tyndall and Domingue, 1982; Declerck et al., 2005; Tyson et al., 2013, 2014 |
| Sg4: Los Angeles | |||||
| Oxytricha bifaria | Sg1: Corby | Intracellular survival | Epifluorescence microscopy | Rasch et al., 2016 | |
| Paramecium caudatum | RB-1 | Sg1: Philadelphia-1 | Intracellular multiplication | Fluorescence microscopy | Watanabe et al., 2016 |
| Stylonychia mytilus | Sg1: Corby | Intracellular survival | Epifluorescence microscopy | Rasch et al., 2016 | |
| Tetrahymena sp. | Sg1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Epifluorescence microscopy | Barbaree et al., 1986; Berk et al., 2008 | |
| Sg1: Lp02 | Live cells are packaged in expelled pellets | Electron microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy | Berk et al., 2008 | ||
| Tetrahymena pyriformis | No. 500 | Sg1: Philadelphia-1, 130b | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Fields et al., 1984, 1986; Cianciotto and Fields, 1992 |
| Sg3: SC-6-C3 | |||||
| Tetrahymena thermophila | Mating type IV | Sg1: Philadelphia-1 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Light microscopy Electron microscopy | Kikuhara et al., 1994 |
| Sg1: Philadelphia-2 | Intracellular survival | CFU counting, Light microscopy Electron microscopy | Kikuhara et al., 1994 | ||
| Inbred strain B, SB021 | Sg1: JR32 | Intracellular multiplication | Electron microscopy; Live cells are packaged in expelled pellets | Hojo et al., 2012 | |
| Tetrahymena tropicalis | Sg1: Lens, Philadelphia-1 | Live cells are packaged in expelled pellets | Electron microscopy | Faulkner et al., 2008; Koubar et al., 2011 | |
| Tetrahymena vorax | V2S | Sg1: Philadelphia-1 | Intracellular survival | Electron microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy | Smith-Somerville et al., 1991 |
| Tetramitus jugosusb (Vahlkampfia jugosa) | Sg1: Leeds 4 | Intracellular multiplication | Electron microscopy | Rowbotham, 1986 | |
| Vermamoeba vermiformisa (Hartmannella vermiformis) | ATCC® 50256™, CDC-19 | Sg1: AA100, Lens, 130b Philadelphia-1, RI-243 | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Rowbotham, 1986; King et al., 1991; Wadowsky et al., 1995; Abu Kwaik, 1996; Buse and Ashbolt, 2011; Tyson et al., 2013; Dupuy et al., 2016 |
| Sg5: E-52, E-62 | |||||
| Sg6: E-66, E-67 | |||||
| Sg1: Lp02 | Intracellular survival | CFU counting | Buse and Ashbolt, 2011 | ||
| Sg3: Bloomington-2 | |||||
| Sg5: Dallas 1E | |||||
| Sg6: Chicago-2, | |||||
| Sg7: Dallas-5, PR-3 | |||||
| Willaertia magna | c2c Maky, T5[S]44, Z503 | Sg1: Lens, Paris, Philadelphia-1, 130b | Intracellular multiplication | CFU counting, Electron microscopy | Dey et al., 2009; Tyson et al., 2014 |