Table 3.
Model fit and parameter estimates for the saturated, ACE model and submodels of beverage preferences.
| Beverage type | Additive genetic effect (A) | Shared environment effect (C) | Nonshared environment effect (E) | -2LL3 | Df3 | AIC3 | Δ -2LL | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSBs 3 | ||||||||
| Sat | 9609.825 | 2832 | 3945.825 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.36 (0.26, 0.43) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.64 (0.57, 0.71) | 9614.843 | 2835 | 3944.843 | 5.018 | 0.170 |
| AE 2 | 0.36 (0.29, 0.43) | — | 0.64 (0.57, 0.71) | 9614.843 | 2836 | 3942.843 | 0 | 1 |
| CE2 | — | 0.24 (0.19, 0.29) | 0.76 (0.71, 0.81) | 9631.547 | 2836 | 3959.547 | 16.704 | < 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 9703.572 | 2837 | 4029.572 | 72.025 | < 0.001 |
| NNSBs 3 | ||||||||
| Sat | 9545.841 | 2818 | 3909.841 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.35 (0.15, 0.47) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.20) | 0.60 (0.55, 0.68) | 9546.322 | 2821 | 3904.322 | 0.481 | 0.923 |
| AE 2 | 0.41 (0.34, 0.47) | — | 0.59 (0.53, 0.66) | 9546.719 | 2822 | 3902.719 | 0.397 | 0.529 |
| CE2 | — | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | 0.72 (0.67, 0.77) | 9557.576 | 2822 | 3913.576 | 11.254 | < 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 9660.699 | 2823 | 4014.699 | 114.377 | < 0.001 |
| Orange juice | ||||||||
| Sat | 7844.431 | 2840 | 2164.431 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.18 (0.09, 0.25) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) | 7862.541 | 2843 | 2176.541 | 18.11 | < 0.001 |
| AE 2 | 0.18 (0.10, 0.25) | — | 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) | 7862.541 | 2844 | 2174.541 | 0 | 1 |
| CE2 | — | 0.08 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) | 7873.266 | 2844 | 2185.266 | 10.725 | 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 7881.523 | 2845 | 2191.523 | 18.982 | < 0.001 |
| Fruit cordial | ||||||||
| Sat | 8031.215 | 2838 | 2355.215 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.42 (0.23, 0.48) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.15) | 0.58 (0.52, 0.90) | 8034.727 | 2841 | 2352.727 | 3.512 | 0.319 |
| AE 2 | 0.42 (0.36, 0.48) | — | 0.58 (0.52, 0.64) | 8034.727 | 2842 | 2350.727 | 0 | 0.998 |
| CE2 | — | 0.29 (0.24, 0.34) | 0.71 (0.66, 0.76) | 8051.672 | 2842 | 2367.672 | 16.945 | < 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 8157.514 | 2843 | 2471.514 | 122.787 | < 0.001 |
| Milk | ||||||||
| Sat | 7269.105 | 2698 | 1873.105 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.32 (0.25, 0.40) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.68 (0.60, 0.75) | 7281.350 | 2701 | 1879.350 | 12.245 | 0.007 |
| AE 2 | 0.32 (0.25, 0.40) | — | 0.68 (0.60, 0.75) | 7281.350 | 2702 | 1877.350 | 0 | 1 |
| CE2 | — | 0.20 (0.14, 0.26) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) | 7298.526 | 2702 | 1894.526 | 17.176 | < 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 7340.874 | 2703 | 1934.874 | 59.524 | < 0.001 |
| Tea | ||||||||
| Sat | 7098.183 | 2406 | 2286.183 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.41 (0.32, 0.50) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.59 (0.50, 0.68) | 7134.002 | 2409 | 2316.002 | 35.82 | < 0.001 |
| AE 2 | 0.41 (0.32, 0.50) | — | 0.59 (0.50, 0.68) | 7134.002 | 2410 | 2314.002 | 0.00 | 1 |
| CE2 | — | 0.19 (0.12, 0.26) | 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) | 7171.829 | 2410 | 2351.829 | 37.83 | < 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 7201.412 | 2411 | 2379.412 | 67.41 | < 0.001 |
| Coffee | ||||||||
| Sat | 6351.94 | 1896 | 2559.94 | |||||
| ACE1 | 0.29 (0.12, 0.39) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.11) | 0.71 (0.61, 0.83) | 6358.921 | 1899 | 2560.921 | 6.9809 | 0.07 |
| AE 2 | 0.29 (0.17, 0.40) | — | 0.71 (0.61, 0.83) | 6358.921 | 1900 | 2558.921 | 0 | 1 |
| CE2 | — | 0.17 (0.09, 0.25) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91) | 6366.625 | 1900 | 2566.625 | 7.7045 | < 0.001 |
| E2 | — | — | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 6382.128 | 1901 | 2580.128 | 23.208 | < 0.001 |
Maximum Likelihood Structural Equation Modelling (MLSEM) was used to derive estimates of A, C and E, as well as provide two goodness-of-fit statistics; -2LL and the AIC respectively. The selection of the most parsimonious model was indicated by the p-value and the lowest absolute value of the AIC.
1The full ACE model was nested within the saturated model.
2Sub-models were nested within the full ACE model.
3Abbreviations; - 2LL: -2 times log-likelihood of data, df: degrees of freedom, AIC: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), NNSBs: Non-nutritive sweetened beverages, SSB: Sugar-sweetened beverages.