Fig. 5.

Albumin/AlbiVax nanocomplexes for melanoma combination immunotherapy. a Transformation of AlbiTrp2 nanoparticles into albumin/AlbiTrp2 nanocomplexes in the presence of HSA (molar ratio of HSA: albumin = 1:1). Insets: an AFM image (left) and a TEM image showing the corresponding nanoparticles. Scale bars: 200 nm. b Representative coronal, transverse, and 3D projection of PET images at 3 h post injection (left), and representative coronal PET images at 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post s.c. injection of AlbiTrp2, free Trp2, and IFA(Trp2) at the tail base of FVB mice. (Dose: 4.4–5.5 Mbq.) c Quantification of albumin/AlbiTrp2 nanocomplexes and Trp2 in draining LNs (IN + AX). White arrows mark LNs. d–f B16F10 tumor growth after treatment with AlbiVax (d), double combination of albumin/AlbiVax nanocomplexes and anti-PD−1 (e), and triple combination of albumin/AlbiVax nanocomplexes, anti-PD-1, and Abraxane (f). C57BL/6 mice were s.c. inoculated with 3 × 10⁵ B16F10 cells, treated with AlbiVax (2 nmol CpG equivalents + 20 µg AlbiTrp2) (day 6, day 12, and day 18), anti-PD-1 every 3 days from day 6 for five times (200 µg), and Abraxane on day 6, day 12, and day 18 (20 mg kg⁻¹). g–j C57BL/6 mice were i.v. injected with 1 × 10⁵ B16F10-fLuc cells, treated with AlbiVax (2 nmol CpG equivalents + 20 µg AlbiTrp2) on day 6, day 12, and day 18 and anti-PD-1 (200 µg) every 3 days from day 6 for six times. g Representative bioluminescence images on day 14, day 17, and day 20, and photographs of lungs on day 20. i Quantified bioluminescence intensities of lungs. i, j Numbers of tumor nodules (i) and lung weights (j) on day 20. Data show mean ± s.e.m. of two–three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ns not significant (p > 0.05) by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test