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. 2017 Dec 4;7:16885. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17173-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification of genes commonly induced by glutamine, glutamate, and ammonium nitrate in rice roots. (A) Venn diagram showing the number of differentially expressed genes for treatments with glutamine³⁵, glutamate³⁶, and ammonium nitrate (this study). (B) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of NAC5, MYB, LBD37, BBTI, KCS11, TAXI-I, and an unknown gene. Seventeen-day-old nitrogen-starved rice seedlings were transferred to hydroponic solution containing 2.5 mM glutamine, glutamate, or 1.43 mM ammonium nitrate for 0–24 h^35,36. Total RNA extracted from roots was used for qRT-PCR analysis. Relative expression indicates the fold-change of each gene as compared to that of control. Results are shown as means ± SD from three biological repeats.