Table 2.
Daily foods and nutrients intake by smoking status
| Nonsmokers (n = 227) | Former smokers (n = 856) | Current smokers (n = 331) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
| Foods | |||||
| Total foods (g) | 1368.4 ± 62.0 | 1318.9 ± 31.7 | 1262.5 ± 47.2 | 0.2051 | 0.0049 |
| Cereals/potatoes/sugar products (g) | 401.5 ± 14.6 | 374.3 ± 7.7 | 358.2 ± 8.8 | 0.0128 | 0.0298 |
| Beans/nuts/seeds (g) | 41.6 ± 6.2 | 45.9 ± 3.0 | 35.6 ± 3.9 | 0.2132 | 0.1571 |
| Meats and eggs (g) | 70.7 ± 7.4 | 73.5 ± 5.3 | 80.9 ± 9.4 | 0.5601 | 0.3160 |
| Fishes and shellfishes (g) | 39.9 ± 4.9 | 47.1 ± 3.5 | 49.5 ± 5.1 | 0.3195 | 0.5066 |
| Milk and dairy products (g) | 48.3 ± 8.3 | 49.6 ± 4.7 | 35.8 ± 6.5 | 0.5836 | 0.6781 |
| Fruits and vegetables (g) | 578.7 ± 43.4 | 524.6 ± 19.2 | 444.0 ± 27.4 | 0.0020 | 0.0035 |
| Fruits (g) | 204.6 ± 32.8 | 156.0 ± 12.7 | 125.2 ± 23.4 | 0.0570 | 0.1301 |
| Vegetables (g) | 374.1 ± 22.5 | 368.7 ± 12.4 | 318.8 ± 12.6 | 0.0113 | 0.0062 |
| Mushrooms (g) | 4.6 ± 3.1 | 5.3 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.1014 | 0.1070 |
| Seaweeds (g) | 4.4 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 0.8381 | 0.8973 |
| Nutrients | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2032.9 ± 67.7 | 1935.6 ± 36.1 | 1995.7 ± 47.5 | 0.5190 | <.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 363.9 ± 12.2 | 340.8 ± 6.7 | 334.7 ± 7.6 | 0.0944 | 0.1450 |
| Protein (g) | 66.4 ± 2.5 | 63.6 ± 1.4 | 62.3 ± 2.0 | 0.6056 | 0.2334 |
| Fat (g) | 31.2 ± 2.0 | 29.0 ± 1.1 | 27.1 ± 1.4 | 0.4352 | 0.2659 |
| Calcium (mg) | 480.6 ± 23.9 | 496.4 ± 14.2 | 448.0 ± 19.2 | 0.1844 | 0.0732 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1228.6 ± 45.6 | 1134.1 ± 20.9 | 1108.8 ± 30.0 | 0.1332 | 0.1443 |
| Iron (mg) | 17.8 ± 2.0 | 15.1 ± 0.5 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 0.2512 | 0.2554 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 0.0522 | 0.0078 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1723 | 0.1122 |
| Niacin (mg) | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 15.5 ± 0.4 | 15.3 ± 0.5 | 0.8700 | 0.2463 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 105.6 ± 7.1 | 97.8 ± 3.4 | 78.7 ± 4.3 | 0.0003 | 0.0011 |
| Vitamin A (μgRE) | 729.2 ± 54.2 | 700.6 ± 28.0 | 601.1 ± 42.0 | 0.1100 | 0.0760 |
| α-carotene (mg) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.1044 | 0.1323 |
| β-carotene (mg) | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 0.0148 | 0.0245 |
| β-cryptoxanthin (mg) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.6031 | 0.7048 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (mg) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3354 | 0.5297 |
| Lycopene (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.0695 | 0.0755 |
aAdjusted for age, BMI, residential area, education level, and family income (n = 1401)
bAdjusted for age, BMI, residential area, education level, family income, alcohol consumption, dietary supplement use, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, and total energy intake (n = 1397)