Table 4.

Biological measures of study participants in the weight reduction intervention

	Standard reduced-energy-density diet	Walnut-enriched reduced-energy diet	p (between groups)	p (group x time interaction)
	Mean(SE)	Mean(SE)
Cholesterol, mg/dL				0.84
Baseline	200 (5)	203 (6)	0.76
3 Months	199 (5)	198 (5)	0.95
6 Months	194 (6)	194 (6) a	0.91
Triglycerides, mg/dL				0.50
Baseline	130 (10)	123 (7)	0.55
3 Months	110 (8) a	115 (9)	0.66
6 Months	109 (9) a	103 (6) a	0.61
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL				0.08
Baseline	58 (2)	59 (2)	0.70
3 Months	60 (2)	58 (2)	0.37
6 Months	60 (2)	61 (2)	0.94
LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL				0.60
Baseline	116 (4)	121 (5)	0.42
3 Months	116 (5)	116 (4)	0.80
6 Months	112 (5)	112 (5) a	0.96
Alpha-tocopherol, μmol/L				0.96
Baseline	30.5 (1.3)	30.8 (1.0)	0.83
3 Months	30.0 (1.1)	30.3 (1.2)	0.72
6 Months	31.6 (1.2)	32.2 (1.3)	0.84
Beta-tocopherol, μmol/L				0.70
Baseline	0.33 (0.02)	0.33 (0.01)	0.38
3 Months	0.38 (0.01) a	0.27 (0.01) a	0.38
6 Months	0.28 (0.01) a	0.26 (0.01) a	0.99
Gamma-tocopherol, μmol/L				0.48
Baseline	4.23 (0.29)	3.99 (0.27)	0.55
3 Months	4.04 (0.31)	4.13 (0.20)	0.82
6 Months	4.08 (0.33)	4.30 (0.29)	0.74
Delta-tocopherol, μmol/L				0.98
Baseline	0.11 (0.01)	0.11 (0.01)	0.82
3 Months	0.10 (0.01)	0.10 (0.01)	0.88
6 Months	0.09 (0.01) a	0.08 (0.01) a	0.76
Linoleic acid, %				<0.001
Baseline	0.111 (0.002)	0.110 (0.002)	0.77
3 Months	0.104 (0.002) a	0.111 (0.002)	0.004
6 Months	0.107 (0.002) a	0.112 (0.001) a	0.01
Alpha-linolenic acid, %				<0.001
Baseline	0.00122 (0.00006)	0.00118 (0.00004)	0.57
3 Months	0.00105 (0.00006) a	0.00147 (0.00005) a	<0.001
6 Months	0.00118 (0.00005)	0.00158 (0.00007) a	<0.001

^a Different from baseline within group, p < 0.05