Fig. 3.

Time dependence of the vortex matter. (A–D) Isosurfaces of the order parameter magnitude ${|\psi |}^2$ illustrating snapshot vortex configuration in a rectangular sample for different magnetic fields $H_y$ in units of the zero-temperature upper critical field $H_{c2}(0)$. The green isosurface for ${|\psi |}^2=0.4$ shows both tubes around vortex cores and blobs around pinning centers. Randomly distributed point defects (large green blobs) result in distorted vortex lines (green tubes). (A) $H_y=0.1$ in the pinned state where the vortex density is low and vortices are mostly parallel to the $y$ direction. (B) $H_y=0.12$ in the periodic regime where vortices perform a helical motion along the surfaces. (C) $H_y=0.18$ in the intermediate, low-resistance regime, where the vortex density is high such that the vortex realigns with the $y$ axis and the resistance shows reentrance behavior. D shows the time evolution of the voltage (or magneto-resistance) in the periodic regime corresponding to B. The time is measured in units of the Ginzburg–Landau time.