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. 2017 Nov 13;114(48):12815–12820. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711536114

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Excitation increases inspiratory frequency. (A, Top Left) Pontomedullary preparations do not exhibit spontaneous inspiration. (Top Right) Transection at the pontomedullary boundary initiates fictive inspiration. (Bottom Left) PTX/STRYCH application to pontomedullary preparations also initiates fictive inspiration. (Bottom Right) Fictive inspiration initiated via transection at the pontomedullary boundary is not affected by application of PTX/STRYCH. (B) Quantification of average f. **P < 0.01, artificial CSF (aCSF) + pons vs. all other conditions. (C, Top) After application of PTX/STRYCH, stimulation of excitatory neurons resulted in high-frequency inspiratory bursting (fmax + pons = 24.8 min−1; fmax − pons = 35.5 min−1). (Middle) Raster plots were constructed from eight biological replicates (each highlighted by gray shading), with three technical replicates each. (Bottom) f averaged over 24 trials relative to light onset. (D) Change in average f during and after light stimulation relative to baseline (off). PTX/STRYCH + pons: baseline vs. photostimulation, ***P = 1.3 × 10−5. Photostimulation vs. after, ***P = 1.0 × 10−7. Baseline vs. after, **P = 0.0012. PTX/STRYCH − pons: baseline vs. photostimulation, ***P = 3.2 × 10−6. Photostimulation vs. after, ***P = 1.5 × 10−7. Before vs. after, ***P = 2.1 × 10−6. Welch’s ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. n = 8 for each condition. Data are mean ± SEM. (E–H, Top and Middle) Illustration of tested hypothesis and output of preBötC. (Bottom) Summary of finding. (E) Baseline f. (F) Inhibition decreases f (A and B). (G) Disinhibition can return f to baseline frequency but does not increase f above baseline (A and B). (H) Excitation increases f above baseline (C and D).