Table 1.
Georgian early Neolithic pottery positive for tartaric acid by LC-MS-MS and their associated soil samples
| Sample no. | Date (BC) | Provenience | Pottery type | Extract weight (mg) | Tartaric acid (ng/mg residue)* | Malic acid (ng/mg residue)* | Succinic acid (ng/mg residue)* | Citric acid (ng/mg residue)* |
| Gadachrili Gora | ||||||||
| GG-II-9, body sherd | ca. 5900-5750 | Square BB-27, −2.73 m | Jar base sherd | NA | 134 ± 11* | 715 ± 86* | 596 ±25* | 182 ± 3* |
| GG-II-9, soil | ca. 5900-5750 | Square BB-27, −2.73 m | Associated soil | NA | 20 ± 2* | 491 ± 7* | 630 ± 21* | 10 ± 1* |
| GG-IV-33, disk base sherd | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 10, Locus 4 | Jar base sherd | 1.2 | 87 ± 6 | 998 ± 47 | 165 ± 13 | 186 ± 6 |
| GG-IV-62, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 10, Locus 4 | Associated soil | 0.8 | 7 ± 1 | 193 ± 33 | 32 ± 5 | 9 ± 0 |
| GG-IV-50, pedestal base | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 7, Locus 2 | Jar base sherd | 1.2 | 17 ± 1 | 170 ± 13 | 31 ± 4 | 45 ± 1 |
| GG-IV-51, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 7, Locus 2 | Associated soil | 4.6 | 5 ± 0 | 91 ± 7 | 16 ± 0 | 5 ± 1 |
| GG-IV-48, pedestal base | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 7, Locus 2 | Jar base sherd | 4.3 | 4 ± 1 | 50 ± 1 | 22 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 |
| GG-IV-54, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 7, Locus 2 | Associated soil | 4.5 | 1 ± 0 | 23 ± 1 | 7 ± 1 | 1 ± 0 |
| GG-IV-56, flat base | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 7, Locus 1 | Jar base sherd | 6.3 | 39 ± 0 | 369 ± 22 | 54 ± 0 | 51 ± 0 |
| GG-IV-46, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 7, Locus 1 | Associated soil | 2.2 | 19 ± 0 | 312 ± 16 | 34 ± 4 | 20 ± 0 |
| Shulaveris-Gora | ||||||||
| SG-16a, flat base | Early Neolithic | Surface | Jar body sherd | NA | 55 ± 1† | 2028 ± 71† | 198 ± 4† | 58 ± 1† |
| SG-782, pedestal base | ca. 5900-5750 | Square BB, −0.8 m | Jar body sherd | NA | 8 ± 0† | 387 ± 14† | 56 ± 4† | 15 ± 0† |
| SG-IV-20, body sherd | ca. 5900-5750 | Square 2, Locus 2 | Jar base sherd | 6.1 | 4 ± 0 | 97 ± 2 | 12 ± 1 | 34 ± 0 |
| SG-IV-21, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Square 2, Locus 2 | Associated soil | 7.1 | 3 ± 0 | 56 ± 0 | 12 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 |
| SG-IV-22, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Soil, Neolithic levels | Site soil | 9.6 | 2 ± 0 | 17 ± 2 | 3 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 |
| SG-IV-27, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Soil, Neolithic levels | Site soil | 8.8 | 2 ± 0 | 18 ± 1 | 4 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 |
| SG-IV-28, soil | ca. 5700-5500 | Soil, Neolithic levels | Site soil | 14.6 | 1 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 1 ± 0 |
Numbers in bold highlight concentrations for ancient sherds that are higher than their corresponding soils. NA, not applicable.
*
Except for the GG-II-9 samples, which are reported as nanograms of organic acid per gram of sherd/soil material (ng/g or ppb), all concentrations are cited as ng/mg (ppm) of extracted residue.
†
Sherds were extracted in toto.