Table 1.
Causes of male infertility and associated factors (adapted with permission from Ref. [63])
| Diagnosis | Unselected patients (%) (n = 12,945) | Patients with azoospermia (%) (n = 1446) |
|---|---|---|
| Undescended testes | 8.4 | 17.2 |
| Varicocele | 14.8 | 10.9 |
| Testicular tumor | 1.2 | 2.8 |
| Klinefelter syndrome | 2.6 | 13.7 |
| XX male | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Primary hypogonadism of unknown cause | 2.3 | 0.8 |
| Kallmann syndrome | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| Pituitary surgery | <0.1 | 0.3 |
| Systemic disease | 2.2 | 0.5 |
| Obstruction | 2.2 | 10.3 |
| Idiopathic | 30 | 13.3 |