Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of socio-demographics, unemployment, and healthcare utilization of individuals born in Sweden (natives), first, second/intermediate1, and second generation immigrants, respectively. (N = 3,507,055)
| Characteristics | Natives n (%) |
First n (%) |
Second n (%) |
Second/Intermediate n (%) |
p values* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 2,564,423 (73.1) | 550,424 (15.7) | 122.844 (3.5) | 269.364 (7.7) | |
| Sociodemographic factors (2004) | |||||
| Sex | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Men | 1,330,709 (51.9) | 270,907 (49.2) | 63,781 (51.9) | 139,615 (51.8) | |
| Women | 1,233,714 (48.1) | 279,517 (50.8) | 59,063 (48.1) | 129,749 (48.2) | |
| Age (years) | p < 0.001 | ||||
| 19–24 | 446,325 (17.4) | 80,365 (14.6) | 30,262 (24.6) | 54,070 (20.1) | |
| 25–34 | 808,063 (31.5) | 176,323 (32.0) | 45,539 (37.1) | 86,154 (32.0) | |
| 35–44 | 852,091 (33.2) | 196,524 (35.7) | 33,954 (27.6) | 88,490 (32.9) | |
| 45–50 | 457,944 (17.9) | 97,212 (17.7) | 13,089 (10.7) | 40,650 (15.1) | |
| Education (years) | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Compulsory school (≤9) | 260,877 (10.2) | 105,509 (19.2) | 17,704 (14.4) | 31,873 (11.8) | |
| High school [10–12] | 1,374,598 (53.6) | 218,173 (39.6) | 68,313 (55.6) | 141,943 (52.7) | |
| College/University (>12) | 925,957 (36.1) | 180,412 (31.0) | 35,543 (28.9) | 94,585 (35.1) | |
| Missing | 2991 (0.1) | 46,330 (8.4) | 1284 (2.5) | 963 (0.4) | |
| Family situation | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Married/cohab. With children2 | 1,095,026 (42.7) | 240,901 (43.8) | 41,336 (33.6) | 101,047 (37.5) | |
| Married/cohab. Without children2 | 101,165 (3.9) | 43,802 (8.0) | 5251 (4.3) | 9802 (3.6) | |
| Single without children | 1,080,004 (42.1) | 201,264 (36.6) | 59,330 (41.7) | 124,439 (46.2) | |
| Single with children | 175,136 (6.8) | 48,969 (8.9) | 9040 (7.4) | 20,481 (7.6) | |
| Young adults living at home 19-20ys | 113,089 (4.4) | 15,476 (2.8) | 8292 (6.8) | 13,594 (5.0) | |
| Type of residential area 3 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Big cities | 883,937 (33.9) | 301,815 (54.3) | 67,070 (55.7) | 124,008 (45.6) | |
| Medium-sized cities | 942,297 (36.8) | 167,324 (30.7) | 37,901 (30.3) | 88,573 (33.0) | |
| Small towns | 738,189 (29.3) | 81,285 (15.0) | 17,873 (14.0) | 56,783 (21.4) | |
| Unemployed 4 | 398,840 (15.6) | 130,792 (23.8) | 26,030 (21.2) | 49,478 (18.4) | p < 0.001 |
| Healthcare | |||||
| Inpatient, Somatic, 2000–04 | 599,402 (23.4) | 134,630 (24.5) | 28,888 (23.5) | 62,717 (23.3) | p < 0.001 |
| Inpatient, Mental, 2000–04 | 32,537 (1.3) | 9275 (1.7) | 2510 (2.0) | 4784 (1.8) | p < 0.001 |
| Outpatient, Somatic 2001–04 | 1,440,384 (41.1) | 315,968 (57.4) | 75,080 (61.1) | 159,472 (59.2) | p < 0.001 |
| Outpatient, Mental 2001–2004 | 60,276 (2.4) | 16,259 (3.0) | 3971 (3.2) | 8143 (3.0) | p < 0.001 |
1Intermediate generation refers to individuals born in Sweden with one parent born in Sweden and one parent born abroad
2Children living at home
3Area of residence: big cities: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö; medium-sized cities: cities with more than 90,000 inhabitants within 30 km distance from the center of the city; small cities/villages
4Individuals with unemployment benefits in 2004
*For differences among immigrant groups and natives