Abstract
Background
Platinum salts have demonstrated sufficient efficacy and safety for consideration of their use in a neoadjuvant setting for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
Patients and methods
We retrospectively analyzed 145 TNBC cases to compare the activity and tolerability of cisplatin and carboplatin. Two groups received weekly paclitaxel and platinum salts.
Results
In total, 87% of patients in the cisplatin group and 82% of patients in the carboplatin group experienced a clinical objective response after four cycles (complete response or partial response; P=0.570). Pathological complete response (pCR) occurred similarly in the cisplatin group and the carboplatin group (44% versus 42%, P=0.789). In survival analysis, there was no difference between the two regimens. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia and leukopenia.
Conclusion
There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of adverse events. Both types of platinum salts and weekly paclitaxel are feasible therapies that achieved high pCR rates and tolerability in TNBC patients.
Keywords: neoadjuvant chemotherapy, triple negative breast cancer, carboplatin, cisplatin, pathological complete response
Introduction
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined as tumors that do not express ER, PR, and HER-2. Treatment options for TNBC have been limited by the lack of traditional targeted therapies, such as hormonal interventions or trastuzumab. Nearly 15% of breast cancers are defined as TNBC in Western countries, and the vast majority are sporadic.1 Most of these tumors are high-grade or poorly differentiated tumors with a high risk of recurrence and mortality.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) has the potential to convert unresectable tumors to resectable ones and can reduce the extent of surgery needed to achieve breast conserving surgery. TNBC shows heterogeneity in response to systemic treatment, which can be divided into six groups according to gene expression profiles.2 In the neoadjuvant setting, TNBC can achieve a higher pathological complete response (pCR) rate than the luminal type.3 The pCR rates of TNBC can also increase from single-agent to multi-agent neoadjuvant trials.4–6 In a pooled analysis, TNBC was associated with a pooled pCR of 34%.7 In a previous meta-analysis, TNBC patients who presented with residual disease after NCT had very poor outcomes.3 New therapies should improve the pCR rate in TNBC patients. A high pCR rate can benefit survival.
The previous reports demonstrated that some DNA damaging agents may be more effective in TNBC tumors.8 Therefore, there is interest in utilizing DNA-damaging agents, such as platinum drugs (cisplatin and carboplatin) to treat TNBC. Few trials have been designed to compare the efficacy and safety between carboplatin and cisplatin. In a neoadjuvant setting, the addition or lack of platinum versus the same chemotherapy is the most common design. Due to a lack of clinical evidence, the best platinum salt to be added to NCT is still unknown. Here, we retrospectively analyzed 145 patients with locally advanced breast cancer who received a neoadjuvant combination of weekly paclitaxel with cisplatin or carboplatin, to compare the efficacy and safety of the two types of platinum therapy.
Method and treatment
Study population
The cohort in the present study was selected consecutively from patients with locally advanced breast cancer who received NCT followed by surgery at Shanghai Cancer Centre from 2011 to 2015. The major eligibility criteria included: 1) women aged 18–75 years; 2) ECOG score 0–1; 3) core needle biopsy-diagnosed invasive breast cancer; 4) hormone receptor-negative (ER and PR negative defined as <1% tumor staining by immunohistochemistry [IHC]) and HER-2 negative (IHC: 0 or 1; or IHC: 2 and FISH negative); 5) clinical stage IIA-IIIC with NAC indication and measurable lesions; and 6) normal cardiac, hepatic, and marrow function. Patients were excluded if they had a history of invasive cancer or prior exposure to chemotherapy/radiotherapy. The study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center/Cancer Institute. All patients enrolled in this study signed an informed consent voluntarily.
Response and toxicity evaluation
A pCR was defined as the absence of an invasive tumor in the final surgical breast and axillary lymph node (ALN) sample. Residual ductal carcinoma in situ was included in the pCR category. Standard RECIST guidelines were used to evaluate the clinical and pathological response. No clinical evidence of palpable tumor in the breast and ALNs was defined as a clinical complete response (CR). Reduction in the greatest tumor diameter of ≥30% was graded as a partial response (PR). An increase in greatest tumor diameter of >20% or the appearance of new disease was considered as progressive disease (PD). Tumors that did not meet the criteria for objective PR or PD were considered as stable disease (SD). The Miller-Payne (MP) grading system was employed to evaluate the decrease in cancer cellularity.9 Toxicity was evaluated at every period of chemotherapy treatment and based on the NCI-CTCAE v3.0.
Treatment
In this retrospective study, patients received four cycles of weekly carboplatin (AUC =2 calculated using the Calvert formula, d1, d8, d15) and paclitaxel (80 mg/m2, d1, d8, d15) or four cycles of cisplatin (25 mg/m2, d1, d8, d15) treatment and paclitaxel (80 mg/m2, d1, d8, d15, d22). Breast surgery was performed 2–4 weeks after the last chemotherapy dose. The surgery type was at the surgeon’s discretion. Adjuvant chemotherapy began within 4 weeks postoperatively. An additional two cycles of the same regimen treatment were administered to patients who achieved pCR; otherwise, four cycles of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide were administered.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize the patient characteristics, tumor size, and biomarker levels according to the core needle biopsies. Toxicity rates in the two cohorts were presented using frequency tabulations with the corresponding percentages. Disease free survival (DFS) was calculated from the date of first diagnosis to the date of disease relapse or metastasis. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of first diagnosis to the date of death or last follow-up. Patients without relapse events or death were censored at the last follow-up. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to determine significance. The Chi-squared test was used to evaluate the relationship between patient characteristics and clinical response. A multivariate logistic regression model for predicting the response to NCT was used when combining a series of variables. All P-values reported are two-sided and were calculated at a significance level of 0.05. All statistical procedures were performed using SPSS (version 13.0) and Stata (version 11.0).
Results
Patient characteristics
Overall, 145 consecutive patients with breast cancer were enrolled from January 2011 to December 2015 to receive NCT at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Of these patients, 52 cases were assigned to receive weekly cisplatin and paclitaxel, and 93 cases were assigned to receive weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel. Table 1 summarizes the main clinical and pathological characteristics. These factors were well balanced in the two groups, including age, menopausal status, clinical stage, Ki67 index, and body mass index (BMI). The median age was 43 years (range 26–65 years) in the cisplatin group and 47 years (range 27–68 years) in the carboplatin group. A total of 58 patients (46.9%) were initially diagnosed with stage III disease, and 88 patients (60.7%) were premenopausal.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics and clinical evaluation at baseline
| Characteristics | Cisplatin group (N=52) | Carboplatin group (N=93) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (range), years | 43 (26–65) | 47 (27–68) | 0.478 |
| Menopausal status | 0.222 | ||
| Premenopausal | 35 (67%) | 53 (57%) | |
| Postmenopausal | 17 (33%) | 40 (43%) | |
| Clinical tumor stage | 0.192 | ||
| cT1 | 1 (2%) | 9 (10%) | |
| cT2 | 32 (62%) | 52 (55%) | |
| cT3 | 17 (33%) | 24 (26%) | |
| cT4 | 2 (3%) | 8 (9%) | |
| Clinical lymph node stage | 0.231 | ||
| cN0 | 3 (6%) | 13 (14%) | |
| cN1 | 39 (75%) | 55 (59%) | |
| cN2 | 6 (11%) | 13 (14%) | |
| cN3 | 4 (8%) | 12 (13%) | |
| Clinical TNM stage | 0.831 | ||
| II | 27 (52%) | 50 (54%) | |
| III | 25 (48%) | 43 (46%) | |
| Ki67 index | 0.192 | ||
| ≥20% | 11 (21%) | 12 (13%) | |
| <20% | 41 (79%) | 81 (87%) | |
| Body mass index | 0.295 | ||
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 13 (25%) | 31 (33%) | |
| <25 kg/m2 | 39 (75%) | 62 (67%) |
Treatment compliance and surgery
One hundred and thirty (90%) patients completed all four cycles of weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin/cisplatin treatment. Because of adverse events, disease progression, withdrawal of consent or immediate surgery, five patients in the cisplatin group and ten patients in the carboplatin group did not finish four cycles. Among these 145 cases, 27 patients received breast conserving surgery, 118 patients had mastectomy, and only two patients received immediate breast reconstruction with the latissimus dorsi muscle flap. Sentinel lymph biopsy was not a common choice for locally advanced breast cancer. Only eight patients received this operation, while nearly 95% of patients received ALN dissection.
Treatment response
After two cycles, 132 patients (91%) had a clinical response (CR or PR). After four cycles, 86% patients had a clinical response. Two patients in the cisplatin group and five in the carboplatin group received anthracycline, capecitabine or radiotherapy before surgery. The MP scores for responses to four cycles of platinum are listed in Table 2. The pCR in the carboplatin group was 53% (ypT0/isNxM0) and 42% (ypT0/isN0M0) while the pCR in the cisplatin group was 52% (ypT0/isNxM0) and 44% (ypT0/isN0M0). In addition, 80 patients who were clinically positive for ALNs had a negative result after NCT. Table 3 lists the distribution of various clinical and pathological characteristics according to the response outcomes. In univariate and multivariate analysis, tumor size, age, ALN status, Ki67 index, and neoadjuvant regimen were not significantly related to pCR. The median follow-up time was 33 months (6–61 months). Survival analyses revealed no significant relationship between regimens and DFS (P=0.877, Figure 1A). Similarly, different kinds of platinum were not significantly related to OS (P=0.663, Figure 1B). The Kaplan–Meier curves also demonstrated that age, BMI, tumor size, and lymph node involvement were not prognostic factors; non-pCR was the only significant poor prognostic factor for DFS (P=0.016).
Table 2.
Clinical and pathological evaluation
| Variables | Cisplatin group | Carboplatin group | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ypT0/is, ypN0 | 0.911 (0.459–1.806) | 0.789 | ||
| No | 29 (56%) | 54 (58%) | ||
| Yes | 23 (44%) | 39 (42%) | ||
| ypT0/is, ypN0/+ | 1.031 (0.523–2.034) | 0.930 | ||
| No | 25 (48%) | 44 (47%) | ||
| Yes | 27 (52%) | 49 (53%) | ||
| MP grade for breast | NA | 0.448 | ||
| MP 5 | 27 (52%) | 49 (53%) | ||
| MP 4 | 8 (15%) | 8 (9%) | ||
| MP 3 | 14 (27%) | 24 (26%) | ||
| MP 2 | 3 (6%) | 9 (10%) | ||
| MP 1 | 0 (0%) | 3 (3%) | ||
| Clinical response after two cycles | NA | 0.352 | ||
| CR | 3 (6%) | 2 (2%) | ||
| PR | 43 (82%) | 84 (90%) | ||
| Overall (CR or PR) | 46 (88%) | 86 (92%) | ||
| SD or PD | 6 (12%) | 7 (8%) | ||
| Clinical response after four cycles | NA | 0.570 | ||
| CR | 8 (15%) | 11 (12%) | ||
| PR | 37 (72%) | 65 (70%) | ||
| Overall (CR or PR) | 45 (87%) | 76 (82%) | ||
| SD or PD | 2 (4%) | 7 (8%) | ||
Notes: ypT0/is, ypN0: the absence of invasive carcinoma in both the breast and axilla. ypT0/is, ypN0/+: the absence of invasive carcinoma in the breast.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CR, complete response; MP, Miller-Payne; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease.
Table 3.
Odds ratios for pathological complete response according to subgroups
| Variables | Category | Univariable
|
Multivariable
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Arm | Cisplatin vs carboplatin | 0.911 (0.459–1.806) | 0.789 | 0.905 (0.441–1.857) | 0.786 |
| Age | <45 y vs ≥45 y | 0.724 (0.371–1.414) | 0.344 | 0.754 (0.376–1.511) | 0.425 |
| cT | cT1–2 vs cT3–4 | 0.620 (0.307–1.252) | 0.182 | 0.572 (0.278–1.176) | 0.129 |
| cN | cN0–1 vs cN2–3 | 0.530 (0.237–1.187) | 0.123 | 0.487 (0.213–1.112) | 0.088 |
| Ki67 index | <20% vs ≥20% | 2.404 (0.887–6.512) | 0.084 | 2.622 (0.945–7.274) | 0.064 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; cN, clinical node stage; cT, clinical tumor stage; y, years.
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier disease free survival curve (A) and overall survival curve (B) of triple negative breast cancer patients treated with cisplatin or carboplatin.
Toxicity
During the four cycles of NCT, only one patient in the cisplatin group and two patients in the carboplatin group could not tolerate the adverse events and quit the treatment after two cycles. Severe toxicity was also uncommon. The most common grade 3/4 adverse effect was hematological toxicity, such as neutropenia and leukopenia (Table 4). Grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicity was rare, and only diarrhea and peripheral neuropathy occurred. There was no significant difference between the adverse events in the groups.
Table 4.
Most common adverse events reported as possibly, probably, or definitely related to treatment
| Adverse event | Cisplatin group (N=52)
|
Carboplatin group (N=93)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 1/2 | Grade 3/4 | Grade 1/2 | Grade 3/4 | |
| Anemia | 26 (50%) | 5 (10%) | 55 (59%) | 8 (9%) |
| Febrile neutropenia | 0 (0%) | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (5%) |
| Neutropenia | 21 (40%) | 31 (60%) | 25 (27%) | 68 (73%) |
| Leukopenia | 22 (42%) | 26 (50%) | 30 (32%) | 55 (59%) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 19 (37%) | 3 (6%) | 31 (33%) | 7 (8%) |
| Bilirubin increased | 23 (44%) | 3 (6%) | 37 (40%) | 3 (3%) |
| AST increased | 17 (33%) | 2 (4%) | 25 (27%) | 2 (2%) |
| ALT increased | 13 (25%) | 1 (2%) | 28 (30%) | 0 (0%) |
| Diarrhea | 8 (15%) | 1 (2%) | 13 (14%) | 1 (1%) |
| Nausea/vomiting | 23 (44%) | 1 (2%) | 38 (41%) | 0 (0%) |
| Arthralgia/myalgia | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (10%) | 0 (0%) |
| Fatigue | 26 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 39 (42%) | 1 (1%) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 7 (13%) | 2 (4%) | 5 (5%) | 0 (0%) |
Abbreviations: ASL, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase.
Discussion
Because of the younger age, poorly differentiated tumors, and shortened survival, TNBC is a high-risk breast cancer that lacks the benefit of targeted therapies. In metastatic breast cancer patients, previous clinical trials have indicated that the addition of platinum salts to chemotherapy can increase the response rate or progression free survival (PFS).8,10
The BRCA1/2 mutation is associated with DNA damage, and platinum can cause DNA damage. In a retrospective analysis of 6,903 patients, including 102 patients with the germ-line BRCA1 mutation, the highest pCR rate was reported in germ-line BRCA1-mutation carriers who received neoadjuvant cisplatin therapy (83%). In the other treatment subgroups, such as anthracyclines and taxanes or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil, a low rate of pCR was observed in women with breast cancer and BRCA1 mutation.11 However, combining the two trials, the pCR in patients with BRCA mutation and wild-type TNBC was similar.12 BRCA mutated cancers and some sporadic TNBC have a potentially higher sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, such as platinum salts.
In untreated metastatic breast cancer, single platinum agents have had encouraging overall response rates (42%–54% for cisplatin, 32% for carboplatin).13 In prospective clinical trials, the addition of carboplatin increased the pCR rates from 28% to 42% in stage II–III TNBC.14 The addition of weekly carboplatin to non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, weekly paclitaxel and bevacizumab boosted the pCR rate from 38% to 58%.15 In a meta-analysis including 28 studies, the pooled rate of pCR for cisplatin was 41.9% (95% CI: 32%–51%) while carboplatin was associated with a pCR rate of 46.3% (95% CI: 40.7%–52.1%).16 In a retrospective analysis for platinum salt in TNBC, the study found that cisplatin offered a survival advantage over carboplatin in both PFS and OS. Cisplatin/docetaxel neoadjuvant therapy was well tolerated and an effective therapy in locally advanced TNBC.17 Patients who achieved pCR had a significant benefit in relapse and death compared with non-pCR patients. However, we lack long-term outcome data from prospective neoadjuvant trials to determine if the addition of different types of platinum salts and the higher pCR rates associated with its addition significantly impacted DFS or OS. These results indicate that adding effective agents, such as antiangiogenics, poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and other small molecule inhibitors, which may increase the pCR rate, is a potential cure for TNBC patients.18–20
Cisplatin is highly protein bound and leads to high drug levels in the kidneys, liver, and other organs, slowing renal excretion and contributing to its side effect profile, most of which are dose related. On the other hand, carboplatin remains largely unbound to plasma proteins and the serum concentration is closely linked to renal clearance. In toxicity analysis, cisplatin typically causes more nausea and vomiting, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, while carboplatin is more likely to cause myelosuppression.21 However, severe anemia and thrombocytopenia only occurred in less than 5% of patients after four cycles of carboplatin in previous studies.6,22 After four cycles of single-agent cisplatin, grade 3/4 hematological and non-hematological adverse events (AE) occurred in less than 5% of patients.23 When combination cisplatin and paclitaxel was used, grade III neutropenia, anemia, nausea, and vomiting were reported in 8%–9% of Western patients.24 In our study, the grade 3/4 AE were neutropenia and leukopenia and were over 50%, while AE of anemia and thrombocytopenia were less than 10% in both groups. Nausea/vomiting and peripheral neuropathy was slightly higher in the cisplatin group but did not reach significance.
Both types of platinum salts and weekly paclitaxel are feasible therapies that achieved high pCR rates, similar survival rate, and tolerability in TNBC patients. We recognize that the research still has some points of weakness. First, this was a retrospective study that lacked long-term adverse event observations and long-term invalid survival improvement. A further limitation of our study is the small number of patients from which to draw meaningful conclusions. The best platinum salt to be added to NAC is still unknown. Further studies are needed on the comparison of different platinum combinations and the comparison between carboplatin- and cisplatin-based combinations. Based on biomarkers identified by high throughput technology with DNA, RNA or proteins, researchers will be able to find a subgroup of patients who will receive the greatest benefit.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81502289 and 81302298). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Footnotes
Author contributions
All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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