Table 2.
Accumulated person-years at risk, demographic characteristics, and birth characteristics of children born in 1973–2014 and followed from birth for up to 15 years or to December 2015, according to maternal diabetes status
| Characteristics | Children of mothers without diabetesa (n=4,178,753) | Children of mothers with diabetesa (n=61,212) |
|---|---|---|
| Person-years at risk | 51,188,995 | 675,015 |
| Mothers age at child’s birth (years), mean (SD) | 28.7 (5.2) | 30.9 (5.5) |
| Mother’s diabetes type | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 248,709 (36.8) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 132,961 (19.7) | |
| GDM | 293,345 (43.5) | |
| Child’s diabetes status | ||
| No | 50,944,404 (99.5) | 642,315 (95.2) |
| Yes | 244,591 (0.5) | 32,700 (4.8) |
| Child’s sex | ||
| Boys | 26,289,766 (51.4) | 348,774 (51.7) |
| Girls | 24,899,229 (48.6) | 326,241 (48.3) |
| Birth order | ||
| 1 | 21,445,817 (41.9) | 237,496 (35.2) |
| 2 | 18,746,963 (36.6) | 232,066 (34.4) |
| 3+ | 10,996,215 (21.5) | 205,453 (30.4) |
| Birth weight by gestational age | ||
| SGL | 5,158,361 (10.1) | 46,553 (6.9) |
| AGA | 40,927,017 (80.0) | 434,737 (64.4) |
| LGA | 5,103,616 (10.0) | 193,725 (28.7) |
| Gestational age | ||
| <37 weeks | 2,802,759 (5.5) | 93,337 (13.8) |
| 37–40 weeks | 34,720,592 (67.8) | 501,756 (74.3) |
| >40 weeks | 13,665,644 (26.7) | 79,922 (11.8) |
| Birth defects | ||
| No | 49,155,526 (96.0) | 643,277 (95.3) |
| Yes | 2,033,469 (4.0) | 31,738 (4.7) |
| Highest attained parental education level | ||
| Primary (<10 years) | 2,977,053 (5.8) | 45,769 (6.8) |
| Secondary (10–12 years) | 23,006,602 (44.9) | 323,052 (47.9) |
| Tertiary (>12 years) | 25,205,339 (49.2) | 306,194 (45.4) |
| Birth decade | ||
| 1973–1980 | 10,041,403 (19.6) | 44,947 (6.7) |
| 1980–1990 | 14,149,956 (27.6) | 154,272 (22.9) |
| 1990–2000 | 14,891,162 (29.1) | 234,946 (34.8) |
| 2000–2010 | 10,804,766 (21.1) | 211,238 (31.3) |
| 2000–2014 | 1,301,709 (2.5) | 29,612 (4.4) |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)b | 23.8 (4.2) | 27.3 (5.9) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancyc | ||
| 0 cigarettes/day | 29,053,180 (81.1) | 463,682 (81.9) |
| 1–9 cigarettes/day | 4,367,741 (12.2) | 63,212 (11.2) |
| 10+ cigarettes/day | 2,400,719 (6.7) | 39,212 (6.9) |
Notes:
a
Data shown as n (%) unless otherwise specified.
b
Among mothers included in the main analysis with this information available (n=2,596,189).
c
Among mothers included in the main analysis with this information available (n=3,154,313).
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; SGA, small for gestational age; AGA, appropriate for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age; BMI, body mass index.