Table 3.

Identification of Caries Risk Determinants in Toddlers using Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression (Final-Fitted Model)^a,^b,^c

Factors		Dental Caries		Dental Plaque Accumulation
		P-value	Adjusted OR (95 % CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (95 % CI)
Biological characteristics
Ethnicity	Chinese	0.006	2.13 (1.24-3.64)	0.668	1.18 (0.55-2.52)
	Malay	0.441	1.28 (0.68-2.42)	0.338	0.65 (0.27-1.58)
	Indian		1		1
Mother’s Age	≥34 years	0.007	1.90 (1.20-3.03)	0.808	0.93 (0.52-1.66)
	29-33 years	0.087	1.50 (0.94-2.39)	0.617	0.88 (0.53-1.45)
	<28 years		1		1
Mother’s Education Level	University	0.132	0.75 (0.52-1.09)	0.401	0.83 (0.54-1.28)
	≤GCE		1		1
Maternal Health Status	Existing Condition	0.011	0.61 (0.42-0.89)	0.075	1.50 (0.96-2.34)
	No Existing Condition		1		1
Prenatal Plasma Folate Level	≥6 ng/mL	0.002	0.39 (0.21-0.71)	0.733	1.14 (0.54-2.42)
	<6 ng/mL		1		1
Night-time Breast-feeding (3 Weeks)	Yes	0.003	1.87 (1.24-2.83)	0.307	1.27 (0.80-2.00)
	No		1		1
Child’s BMI (24M)	kg/m2	0.002	1.18 (1.06-1.32)	0.141	1.10 (0.97-1.24)
Eruption Timing of First Tooth	Age in Months	-	-	0.052	0.88 (0.78-1.00)
Behavioural characteristics
Weaning onto Solids (9M)	Age in Months	-	-	0.014	1.32 (1.06-1.64)
Night-time Bottle-feeding (24M)	Yes	0.136	1.35 (0.91-1.99)	0.324	0.79 (0.50-1.26)
	No		1		1
Child’s Dental Visits (9M-24M)	≥Once	0.049	2.31 (1.00-5.34)	<0.001	0.01 (0.01-0.02)
	None		1		1
Parental Belief (Reason for Tooth Decay) (24M)	Sugar or Bacteria	0.128	0.65 (0.38-1.13)	0.728	1.13 (0.58-2.20)
	Sugar and Bacteria	0.067	0.65 (0.41-1.03)	0.650	1.16 (0.61-2.22)
	Beliefs/Ineffective Tooth Brushing		1		1
Parental Belief (Importance of Baby Teeth)	Yes	0.078	0.58 (0.31-1.06)	<0.001	0.29 (0.16-0.54)
	No		1		1
Child’s Daily Brushing Frequency (24M)	≥Once	0.012	1.88 (1.15-3.07)	0.040	0.62 (0.39-0.98)
	None		1		1

^aSample Size=327

^bVariables in final model with p value >0.05 were added in the model since they are well-established risk factors/confounders for the outcome.

^cModified Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test for biprobit (p=0.67) and Murphy’s score test for biprobit (p=0.64)