Table 2. Characteristics of patients with a known date of seroconversion according to calendar period.
| Period of Seroconversion | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | 1996–2000 | 2001–2006 | 2007–2009 | 2010–2014 | p-value | Total |
| N 578 | N 676 | N 427 | N 927 | N 2608 | ||
| Recent HIV infection, n (%) | 213 (36.9%) | 122 (18%) | 120 (28.1%) | 526 (56.7%) | <0.001 | 981 (37.6%) |
|
Age, years– median (IQR) |
34 (30–41) | 37 (31–43) | 36 (29–42) | 33 (27–40) | <0.001 | 35 (30, 42) |
| Females, n (%) | 163 (28.2%) | 108 (16%) | 45 (10.5%) | 74 (8%) | <0.001 | 390 (15.0%) |
| Mode of HIV Transmission, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| IDUs | 128 (22.1%) | 62 (9.2%) | 23 (5.5%) | 30 (3.3%) | 243 (9.4%) | |
| Homosexual contacts | 185 (32.0%) | 376 (55.7%) | 264 (62.6%) | 655 (71.1%) | 1480 (57.0%) | |
| Heterosexual contacts | 239 (41.3%) | 207 (30.6%) | 119 (27.9%) | 180 (19.4%) | 745 (28.6%) | |
| Other/Unknown | 26 (4.5%) | 30 (4.4%) | 16 (3.8%) | 56 (6.1%) | 128 (4.9%) | |
| Not Italian Nationality, n (%) | 40 (6.9%) | 77 (11.4%) | 65 (15.2%) | 153 (16.5%) | 0.449 | 335 (12.8%) |
| AIDS diagnosis, n (%) | 33 (5.7%) | 28 (4.1%) | 19 (4.4%) | 13 (1.4%) | <0.001 | 93 (3.6%) |
| CVD diagnosis, n (%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 5 (1.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | 0.073 | 11 (0.4%) |
| HBsAg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Negative | 547 (94.6%) | 659 (97.5%) | 419 (98.1%) | 904 (97.5%) | 2529 (97%) | |
| Positive | 31 (5.4%) | 17 (2.5%) | 8 (1.9%) | 23 (2.5%) | 79 (3%) | |
| Not tested | 143 (24.7%) | 244 (36.1%) | 160 (37.5%) | 315 (34%) | 862 (33.1%) | |
| HCV Ab, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Negative | 306 (52.9%) | 367 (54.3%) | 258 (60.4%) | 607 (65.5%) | 1538 (59%) | |
| Positive | 141 (24.4%) | 60 (8.9%) | 25 (5.9%) | 26 (2.8%) | 252 (9.7%) | |
| Not tested | 131 (22.7%) | 249 (36.8%) | 144 (33.7%) | 294 (31.7%) | 818 (31.4%) | |
|
CD4 count, cells/mmc, median (IQR) |
480 (294, 670) |
466 (301, 655) |
448 (295, 643) |
479 (331, 629) |
0.566 | 469 (307, 651) |
|
CD4 count nadir, cells/mmc, median (IQR) |
473 (294, 664) |
460 (301, 630) |
448 (293, 617) |
481 (337, 643) |
0.079 | 470 (309, 641) |
|
CD8 count, cells/mmc, median (IQR) |
865 (657, 1196) |
942 (678, 1277) |
990 (728, 1428) |
930 (658, 1340) |
0.001 | 923 (675, 1283) |
|
Viral load, log10 copies/mL, median (IQR) |
4.35 (3.73, 5.01) |
4.42 (3.78, 5.00) |
4.57 (3.98, 5.00) |
4.65 (4.11, 5.16) |
<0.001 | 4.50 (3.89, 5.07) |
| Time from HIV diagnosis to date of enrolment, months, median (IQR) | 16 (8, 31) | 33 (17, 62) | 21 (11, 35) | 10 (5, 18) | <0.001 | 17 (8, 32) |
| Site geographical position, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| North | 284 (49.1%) | 357 (52.8%) | 256 (60.0%) | 609 (66%) | 1506 (57%) | |
| Center | 225 (38.9%) | 278 (41.1%) | 153 (35.8%) | 273 (29%) | 929 (37%) | |
| South | 69 (11.9%) | 41 (6.1%) | 18 (4.2%) | 45 (4.9%) | 173 (6%) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 5 (0.9%) | 6 (0.9%) | 9 (2.1%) | 6 (0.6%) | 0.083 | 26 (1.0%) |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 100 (17.3%) | 262 (38.8%) | 169 (39.6%) | 391 (42.2%) | 922 (35.4%) | |
| Yes | 157 (27.2%) | 265 (39.2%) | 156 (36.5%) | 303 (32.7%) | 881 (33.8%) | |
| Unknown | 321 (55.5%) | 149 (22.0%) | 102 (23.9%) | 233 (25.1%) | 805 (30.9%) | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 164 (141, 195) |
162 (137, 187) |
166 (141, 190) |
165 (143, 189) |
0.380 | 165 (141, 189) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 40 (32, 48) | 41 (33, 50) | 42 (34, 48) | 41 (34, 48) | 0.785 | 41 (34, 48) |
|
EGFR (CKD_Epi formula), ml/min/1.73m2, median (IQR) |
4.20 (3.56, 5) |
4.37 (3.63, 4.99) |
4.52 (3.90, 4.91) |
4.71 (4.04, 5.17) |
0.002 | 4.45 (3.77, 5.00) |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 87 (81, 95) | 86 (80, 93) | 87 (80, 94) | 85 (79, 93) | 0.011 | 86 (80, 94) |
| Use of statins, n (%) | 1 (0.2%) | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (0.5%) | 5 (0.5%) | 0.559 | 13 (0.5%) |
| Use of blood pressure lowering drugs, n (%) | 3 (0.5%) | 22 (3.3%) | 9 (2.1%) | 17 (1.8%) | 0.006 | 51 (2.0%) |
| Started ART over 3 months after enrolment, n (%) | 272 (47.1%) | 255 (37.7%) | 182 (42.6%) | 458 (49.4%) | <0.001 | 1167 (44.7%) |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Primary school | 49 (8.5%) | 18 (2.7%) | 14 (3.3%) | 18 (1.9%) | 99 (3.8%) | |
| Secondary school | 201 (34.8%) | 160 (23.7%) | 67 (15.7%) | 120 (12.9%) | 548 (21.0%) | |
| College | 157 (27.2%) | 247 (36.5%) | 164 (38.4%) | 319 (34.4%) | 887 (34.0%) | |
| University | 43 (7.4%) | 108 (16.0%) | 68 (15.9%) | 191 (20.6%) | 410 (15.7%) | |
| Other/Unknown | 128 (22.1%) | 143 (21.2%) | 114 (26.7%) | 279 (30.1%) | 664 (25.5%) | |
| Employment, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Unemployed | 104 (18.0%) | 80 (11.8%) | 41 (9.6%) | 97 (10.5%) | 322 (12.3%) | |
| Employed | 260 (45.0%) | 360 (53.3%) | 204 (47.8%) | 419 (45.2%) | 1243 (47.7%) | |
| Self-employed | 107 (18.5%) | 101 (14.9%) | 77 (18.0%) | 137 (14.8%) | 422 (16.2%) | |
| Occasional | 25 (4.3%) | 21 (3.1%) | 11 (2.6%) | 22 (2.4%) | 79 (3.0%) | |
| Student | 13 (2.2%) | 23 (3.4%) | 13 (3.0%) | 61 (6.6%) | 110 (4.2%) | |
| Retired | 13 (2.2%) | 21 (3.1%) | 8 (1.9%) | 8 (0.9%) | 50 (1.9%) | |
| Invalid | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.1%) | |
| Housewife | 43 (7.4%) | 13 (1.9%) | 6 (1.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 66 (2.5%) | |
| Other/unknown | 11 (1.9%) | 57 (8.4%) | 67 (15.7%) | 178 (19.2%) | 313 (12.0%) | |
LEGEND: Categorical data are presented as absolute numbers (percentages); p values for comparison of proportions among different calendar periods are by Chi-square test. Quantitative data are presented as median (Interquartile Range, IQR); p values for comparison of medians among different calendar period are by Kruskal-Wallis test. IDUs, Intravenous Drug Users–ART, HIV combination antiretroviral therapy, EGFR, glomerular filtration rate.