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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 5.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;963:337–358. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_20

Figure 2. The scheme of PKCζ-mediated p53 SUMOylation and consequent EC apoptosis by atheroprone flow.

Figure 2

Atheroprone flow (d-flow) uniquely activates PKCζ via up-regulating ONOO-, which increases PKCζ-PIAS4 binding at the SP-RING domain and PIAS4 small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase activity, subsequently increasing p53 SUMOylation. Upon binding SUMOylated p53, p53 translocates to the cytosol, and the anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2 is inhibited, leading to caspase activation and apoptosis. PIAS, protein inhibitor of activated STAT; SAP, scaffold attachment factor-A/B, acinus, and PIAS domain; PINIT, Pro-Ile-Asn-Ile-Thr motif; SP-RING, Siz/PIAS-RING domain(Abe and Berk, 2014).