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| Kim (2017)* | 23 mg |
| Hernández-Palazón (2001)† [2] | 42 mg |
| Cohen (1997)† [1] | 93 mg |
| Reuben (1997)† [3] | 106 mg |
Total 24-h postoperative opioid use (IV MME; intravenous morphine milligram equivalent) in patients after undergoing spinal fusion surgery with continuous intraoperative dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusion (*) compared with traditional intraoperative general anesthetic without dexmedetomidine and lidocaine infusion (†).
