Table 1.
Characteristics at Enrollment by Insurance Type of Patients with AIDS in the Longitudinal Study of the Ocular Complications of AIDS
| Characteristic | Total | Insurance Status* | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private | Medicare | Medicaid | Uninsured | |||
| Number participants | 2363 | 743 | 688 | 560 | 372 | |
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Median | 43 | 44 | 44 | 41 | 40 | |
| 25th, 75th percentile | 37, 49 | 39, 50 | 39, 49 | 35, 47 | 34, 46 | |
| Gender (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Men | 80.4 | 90.2 | 84.3 | 62.0 | 81.2 | |
| Women | 19.6 | 9.8 | 15.7 | 38.0 | 18.8 | |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 45.4 | 67.3 | 45.1 | 24.8 | 33.1 | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 36.5 | 18.7 | 39.1 | 53.2 | 42.2 | |
| Hispanic | 14.2 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 17.5 | 21.5 | |
| Other | 3.9 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 3.2 | |
| Education (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Less than high school grad | 16.4 | 2.4 | 15.0 | 32.4 | 23.2 | |
| Secondary- high school grad | 23.2 | 10.4 | 25.7 | 30.6 | 32.7 | |
| Some college or college grad | 48.0 | 59.5 | 51.4 | 33.3 | 40.8 | |
| Post-college | 12.4 | 27.7 | 7.8 | 3.6 | 3.2 | |
| Employment status at enrollment (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Disabled | 57.2 | 34.7 | 78.9 | 69.1 | 43.8 | |
| Employed | 24.1 | 52.2 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 26.1 | |
| Unemployed | 12.8 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 18.2 | 25.6 | |
| Other (student, homemaker, retired) | 5.9 | 6.5 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 4.6 | |
| HIV transmission category (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Male to male sexual contact only | 55.0 | 76.8 | 54.6 | 30.9 | 48.4 | |
| Injection drug use only | 8.6 | 2.2 | 8.7 | 15.7 | 10.8 | |
| Male to male sexual contact & injection drug use | 4.1 | 1.9 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 4.8 | |
| Heterosexual contact | 26.0 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 40.4 | 29.0 | |
| Other/not reported | 6.3 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 8.9 | 7.0 | |
| AIDS defining illness (%) | 0.25 | |||||
| Opportunistic infection | 38.0 | 38.0 | 37.5 | 40.9 | 34.4 | |
| T cell lymphocytopenia | 62.0 | 62.0 | 62.5 | 59.1 | 65.6 | |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Current | 26.9 | 15.8 | 29.5 | 35.7 | 30.9 | |
| Former | 20.0 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 15.5 | 16.1 | |
| Never | 32.8 | 41.3 | 29.4 | 28.0 | 29.0 | |
| Missing | 20.4 | 20.2 | 18.5 | 20.7 | 23.9 | |
| Duration of AIDS (years) | ||||||
| Median | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| 25th, 75th percentile | 1.6, 7.2 | 1.7, 7.2 | 3.6, 8.2 | 1.1, 6.3 | 0.5, 4.1 | |
| Combination antiretroviral treatment (%) | ||||||
| Prior to enrollment† | 91.0 | 94.1 | 92.2 | 88.9 | 85.4 | <0.0001 |
| At enrollment | 82.4 | 85.6 | 83.1 | 81.4 | 76.1 | 0.001 |
| Ever prior to or at enrollment or during follow-up | 97.8 | 97.8 | 98.7 | 97.3 | 96.5 | 0.12 |
| Enrollment CD4+ T lymphocyte cell count | ||||||
| Median (cells/μL) | 179 | 185 | 200 | 171 | 151 | 0.002 |
| 25th, 75th percentile (cells/μL) | 66, 344 | 68, 362 | 69, 398 | 53, 310 | 62, 299 | |
| <50 cells/μL (%) | 21.7 | 20.6 | 20.6 | 24.1 | 22.4 | 0.004 |
| 50–99 cells/μL (%) | 11.6 | 13.0 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 15.4 | |
| 100–199 cells/μL (%) | 20.3 | 18.1 | 19.5 | 21.9 | 23.5 | |
| ≥200 cells/μL (%) | 46.4 | 48.3 | 50.3 | 44.2 | 38.6 | |
| Nadir CD4+ T lymphocyte cell count prior to enrollment | ||||||
| Median (cells/μL) | 30 | 30 | 30 | 24 | 34 | 0.12 |
| 25th, 75th percentile (cells/μL) | 9, 90 | 10, 87 | 8, 92 | 8, 85 | 11, 103 | |
| <50 cells/μL (%) | 61.4 | 62.1 | 60.9 | 62.5 | 59.0 | 0.87 |
| 50–99 cells/μL (%) | 16.1 | 16.0 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 15.6 | |
| ≥100 cells/μL (%) | 22.5 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 21.6 | 25.3 | |
| Rate of increase in CD4+ T cells from nadir after initiation of cART (cells/μL/month) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Number. evaluable patients | 1503 | 502 | 432 | 341 | 228 | |
| Median | 4.8 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 8.9 | |
| 25th, 75th percentile | 1.1, 12.6 | 1.4, 13.1 | 0.9, 8.6 | 0.7, 13.2 | 2.0, 22.4 | |
| Enrollment plasma HIV viral load | ||||||
| Median (log10(copies/mL)) | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 0.21 |
| 25th, 75th percentile (log10(copies/mL)) | 1.9, 4.7 | 1.9, 4.5 | 1.9, 4.7 | 1.9, 4.7 | 2.3, 4.9 | |
| <2.6 (%) | 35.6 | 38.0 | 37.8 | 34.9 | 27.9 | 0.01 |
| 2.6–5.0 (%) | 45.9 | 44.5 | 42.0 | 48.1 | 52.6 | |
| >5.0 (%) | 18.5 | 17.5 | 20.2 | 17.0 | 19.5 | |
| Maximum plasma HIV viral load prior to enrollment | ||||||
| Median (log10(copies/mL)) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 0.02 |
| 25th, 75th percentile (log10(copies/mL)) | 4.7, 5.8 | 4.7, 5.7 | 4.7, 5.8 | 4.9, 5.8 | 4.8, 5.8 | |
| <2.6 (%) | 2.9 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.001 |
| 2.6–5.0 (%) | 31.3 | 34.0 | 30.4 | 28.6 | 32.0 | |
| >5.0 (%) | 65.8 | 63.3 | 64.7 | 69.5 | 67.1 | |
| Karnofsky score (%) | ||||||
| ≤80 | 20.2 | 12.9 | 21.0 | 29.1 | 20.2 | <0.0001 |
| >80 | 79.8 | 87.1 | 79.0 | 70.9 | 79.8 | |
| Weight (kg)‡ | <0.0001 | |||||
| Median | 73.9 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 71.8 | 73.3 | |
| 25th, 75th percentile | 65.8, 83.4 | 68.0, 84.1 | 66.8, 84.2 | 62.7, 81.0 | 64.5, 82.1 | |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody status (%) | ||||||
| Positive | 20.2 | 8.2 | 22.8 | 31.0 | 23.8 | <0.0001 |
| Negative | 79.8 | 91.8 | 77.2 | 69.0 | 76.2 | |
| Non-AIDS co-morbidities (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 20.2 | 19.0 | 26.9 | 18.1 | 13.2 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 9.0 | 8.4 | 11.8 | 8.8 | 5.4 | 0.005 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 19.9 | 28.4 | 22.5 | 13.8 | 7.5 | <0.0001 |
| Renal disease | 7.1 | 6.2 | 9.4 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 0.04 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 12.8 | 14.0 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 7.9 | 0.04 |
| Anemia (hemoglobin <10 gm/dL) | 4.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 7.3 | 4.6 | 0.01 |
| Cytomegalovirus retinitis (% of cohort) | 21.2 | 24.9 | 22.4 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 0.002 |
| Cytomegalovirus retinitis characteristics | ||||||
| Number patients | 500 | 185 | 153 | 97 | 65 | |
| Bilateral disease (% patients with CMV retinitis) | 41.0 | 43.8 | 38.6 | 43.3 | 35.4 | 0.57 |
| Zone 1† disease in either eye (% patients) | 46.2 | 43.2 | 51.0 | 37.1 | 56.9 | 0.04 |
| Area retinitis ≥25% retina in either eye (% patients) | 42.2 | 38.4 | 51.6 | 36.1 | 40.0 | 0.04 |
| Active retinitis in either eye (% patients) | 11.6 | 9.7 | 13.7 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 0.72 |
*
Participants classified as private insurance if they had any private insurance and Medicare if they had either Medicare only or Medicare and Medicaid.
†
Excluding 272 participants with unknown prior history of cART
‡
Excluding 270 participants with unknown weight