Table 1.

Summary of studies investigating neurofeedback for treatment of tinnitus.

Authors	Tinnitus patients	Neurofeedback	Electrodes/Sources	Feedback	Behavioral findings	Neuronal findings
Crocetti et al., 2011	N = 15	α↑ δ↓ 12 sessions	F3, F4, Fc1, Fc2	Plane moving up and down (with audio-visual reinforcement)	Distress ↓ Loudness ↓	α/δ-ratio ↑ (not all participants were able to manipulate α and δ successfully)
Dohrmann et al., 2007a,b	Group 1 (n = 11) Group 2 (n = 5) Group 3 (n = 5) Controls (n = 27)	Group 1: α↑ δ↓ Group 2: α↑ Group 3: δ↓ Control: FDT 10 sessions	F3, F4, Fc1, Fc2	Fish moving up and down	All groups: Distress ↓ Loudness↓ Group 1: strongest relief Controls: no reduction	All groups: α↑ and δ↓ Correlation with decrease in loudness
Gosepath et al., 2001	N = 40 Controls (n = 15)	α↑ β↓ 15 sessions	P4	Auditory and visual (not further explained)	Distress ↓	Group 1 (n = 24): α↑ Group 2 (n = 16): β↓ Controls: no effect
Hartmann et al., 2013	N = 8 Controls (n = 9)	α↑ 10 sessions Controls: rTMS	Source space projection on two temporal sources	Smiley	Distress ↓ Controls: no reductions	α↑ estimated over r PAC
Schenk et al., 2005	Group 1 (n = 23) Group 2 (n = 13)	Group 1: α↑ Group 2: β↓ Group 3: α↑ β↓	Group 1: P4 Group 2: C3	Floating ball and melody	Distress ↓	Both groups: α↑
Vanneste et al., 2016	Group 1 (n = 23) Controls 1 (n = 17) Controls 2 (n = 22)	Group 1: α↑ β↓ γ↓ 15 sessions Controls 1: α↑ β↓ γ↓ Controls 2: passive	sLORETA Group 1: PCC Controls 1: LG	Green bar moving up and down	Group 1: distress ↓ Controls: no reduction	No alterations in target areas for α, β and γ Changes in functional and effectivity connectivity
Weiler et al., 2002	N = 1	α↑ β↑ δ↑ 𝜃↑	19 electrodes	Varying	Depression ↓ Anxiety ↓ Tinnitus ↓	No analysis

↑, increase; ↓, decrease; r PAC, right primary auditory cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; LG, lingual gyrus.