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. 2017 Dec 5;7:17027. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17288-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IFC tissue releases lower cytokine and chemokine levels than CFC tissue, however more biologically active TGF-β is present. CFC and IFC aortic tissue punches were incubated in DMEM culture medium for 2 days. The cytokines and chemokines IL-6, MCP-1 IL-8, IL-10 (a) total TGF-β (active and latent form) and active TGF-β (b) were analyzed by ELISA or multiplex bead assay. Data are shown as the mean + SEM (n = 4–8) and analyzed with Mann Whitney test **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.01; n.s.: not significant; n.d.: not detectable. (c) Over a culture period of 6 days, total TGF-β (upper graph) and active TGF-β (lower graph) was measured by ELISA. The absolute amount of TGF-β in pg produced per tissue punch was calculated and a representative kinetic graph is shown.