Table 1. Overview of vector competence studies on West Nile virus with European mosquito species.
| Mosquito species | Mosquito origin (filial number) | WNV lineage (passage number) | Cell type virus propagation | Feeding method | Blood type | Infection assessment | Reported rates | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aedes albopictus | Spain (>F30) | Lineage 1 and 2 (−) | C6/36 or Vero E6 | Hemotek with chicken skin membrane | Heparinised bovine blood with ATP | qRT-PCR | IR and DR | 48 |
| Italy (−) | Lineage 1 (−) | - | Glass feeder with pig-intestine membrane | - | qRT-PCR | IR, DR, and TR | 49 | |
| Aedes caspius | France (F0) | Lineage 1 (P5) | C6/36 | Chicken skin membrane | Washed rabbit erythrocytes with ATP | IFA or qRT-PCR | DR and TR | 22 |
| Aedes detritus | United Kingdom (F0) | Lineage 1 (−) | Vero E6 | Odorised feeding membrane | Heparinised human blood | qRT-PCR | TR | 50 |
| Aedes japonicus japonicus | Germany (F0) | Lineage 1 (−) | - | Cotton stick | Human blood with fructose and fetal calf serum | qRT-PCR | IR | 51 |
| Culex modestus | France (F3–4) | Lineage 1 (P5) | C6/36 | Chicken skin membrane | Washed rabbit erythrocytes with ATP | IFA or qRT-PCR | DR and TR | 22, 23 |
| Culex torrentium | Germany (F0) | Lineage 1 (−) | - | Cotton stick | Human erythrocytes with fructose and fetal calf serum | qRT-PCR | IR and DR | 52 |
| Culex pipiens s.l. | France (F1) | Lineage 1 (P5) | C6/36 | Chicken skin membrane | Washed rabbit erythrocytes with ATP | IFA or qRT-PCR | DR and TR | 22 |
| Italy (F0, F7, or F11) | Lineage 1 (−) | Vero E6 | Glass feeder with pig-intestine membrane | Rabbit blood with EDTA | qRT-PCR | IR, DR, and TR | 53 | |
| Italy (−) | Lineage 1 (−) | - | Glass feeder with pig-intestine membrane | - | qRT-PCR | IR, DR, and TR | 49 | |
| The Netherlands (−) | Lineage 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE | IR and TR | 54 | |
| The Netherlands (−) | Lineage 1 and 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE and IFA | IR and TR | 55 | |
| Culex pipiens pipiens | Germany (F0) | Lineage 1 (−) | - | Cotton stick | Human erythrocytes with fructose and fetal calf serum | qRT-PCR | IR and DR | 52 |
| The Netherlands (F3-F5) | Lineage 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE | IR and TR | 56 | |
| The Netherlands (F4-F6) | Lineage 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE | IR and TR | 57 | |
| Italy (F4-F6) | Lineage 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE | IR and TR | 57 | |
| Culex pipiens molestus | Spain (>F30) | Lineage 1 and 2 (−) | C6/36 or Vero E6 | Hemotek with chicken skin membrane | Heparinised bovine blood with ATP | qRT-PCR | IR and DR | 48 |
| Germany (−) | Lineage 1 (−) | - | Cotton stick | Human erythrocytes with fructose and fetal calf serum | qRT-PCR | IR | 52 | |
| The Netherlands (−) | Lineage 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE | IR and TR | 56 | |
| Culex pipiens Hybrid (pipiens x molestus) | Spain (>F30) | Lineage 1 and 2 (−) | C6/36 or Vero E6 | Hemotek with chicken skin membrane | Heparinised bovine blood with ATP | qRT-PCR | IR and DR | 48 |
| The Netherlands (F1) | Lineage 2 (P2) | C6/36 | Hemotek with Parafilm membrane | Chicken blood | CPE | IR and TR | 56 |
Abbreviations: cytopathic effect, CPE; dissemination rate, DR; immunofluorescence assay, IFA; infection rate, IR; quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, qRT-PCR; transmission rate, TR. Hyphen indicates that used variable was not reported in the study.
Listed are important methodological variables that were used in studies with European mosquito species.