Table 2. Transmission rates of European mosquito species for West Nile virus.
| Mosquito species | Mosquito origin | WNV lineage (Origin, year) | WNV titer in blood meal | Incubation temperature | Incubation period | Infection rate (n) | Dissemination rate (n) | Transmission rate (n) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aedes albopictus | Italy | Lineage 1 (Italy, 2011) | 9.3 × 107 PFU/mL | 27 °C | 0 | 100 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 49 |
| 3 | 20 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 9 | 40 % (5–7) | 40 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 14 | 80 % (5–7) | 40 % (5–7) | 40 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 21 | 20 % (5–7) | 20 % (5–7) | 20 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 28 | 20 % (5–7) | 20 % (5–7) | 20 % (5–7) | ||||||
| Aedes caspius | France | Lineage 1 (France, 2000) | 2.0 × 1010 PFU/mL | 26 °C | 14 | - | 1 % (124) | 0 % (42) | 22 |
| Aedes detritus | United Kingdom | Lineage 1 (New York, 1999) | 2.0 × 106 PFU/mL | 21 °C | 17 | - | - | 21 % (78) | 50 |
| Culex modestus | France | Lineage 1 (France, 2000) | 2.0 × 1010 PFU/mL | 26 °C | 14 | - | 91 % (22) | 40 % (5) | 23 |
| - | 89 % (37) | 55 % (22) | 22 | ||||||
| Culex pipiens s.l. | France | Lineage 1 (France, 2000) | 2.0 × 1010 PFU/mL | 26 °C | 14 | - | 39 % (234) | 16 % (57) | 22 |
| Italy | Lineage 1 (Italy, 2011) | 9.3 × 107 PFU/mL | 27 °C | 0 | 100 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 49 | |
| 3 | 100 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 9 | 100 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | 0 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 14 | 60 % (5–7) | 20 % (5–7) | 20 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 21 | 80 % (5–7) | 80 % (5–7) | 60 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 28 | 71 % (5–7) | 71 % (5–7) | 43 % (5–7) | ||||||
| 28 °C | 32 | 55–90 % (112) | 28–90 % (112) | 21–33 % (112) | 53 | ||||
| The Netherlands | Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 4.0 × 107 TCID50/mL | 28 °C | 14 | 46 % (-) | - | 33 % (-) | 54 | |
| Lineage 1 (New York, 1999) | 1.4 × 108 TCID50/mL | 23 °C | 14 | 49 % (131) | - | 22 % (67) | 55 | ||
| Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 1.4 × 108 TCID50/mL | 23 °C | 14 | 33 % (154) | - | 24 % (79) | 55 | ||
| Culex pipiens pipiens | The Netherlands | Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 5.7±1.0 × 107 TCID50/mL | 18 °C | 14 | 29 % (50) | - | 0 % (50) | 56 |
| 23 °C | 14 | 50 % (50) | - | 6 % (50) | |||||
| 28 °C | 14 | 63 % (50) | - | 33 % (50) | |||||
| Italy | Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 4.2±1.0 × 107 TCID50/mL | 18 °C | 14 | 28 % (50) | - | 0 % (50) | 57 | |
| 23 °C | 14 | 36 % (50) | - | 2 % (50) | |||||
| 28 °C | 14 | 32 % (50) | - | 16 % (50) | |||||
| The Netherlands | Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 4.2±1.0 × 107 TCID50/mL | 18 °C | 14 | 26 % (50) | - | 0 % (50) | 57 | |
| 23 °C | 14 | 34 % (50) | - | 10 % (50) | |||||
| 28 °C | 14 | 32 % (50) | - | 10 % (50) | |||||
| Culex pipiens molestus | The Netherlands | Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 5.7±1.0 × 107 TCID50/mL | 18 °C | 14 | 24 % (50) | - | 6 % (50) | 56 |
| 23 °C | 14 | 24 % (50) | - | 10 % (50) | |||||
| 28 °C | 14 | 14 % (50) | - | 10 % (50) | |||||
| Culex pipiens Hybrid (pipiens x molestus) | The Netherlands | Lineage 2 (Greece, 2010) | 5.7±1.0 × 107 TCID50/mL | 18 °C | 14 | 24 % (50) | - | 2 % (50) | 56 |
| 23 °C | 14 | 39 % (50) | - | 0 % (50) | |||||
| 28 °C | 14 | 43 % (50) | - | 14 % (50) |
Abbreviations: plaque forming units, PFU; tissue culture infectious dose 50, TCID50.
Overview of currently available data on vector competence studies which reported transmission rates of European mosquito species, based on assessment of individual mosquitoes. Only data obtained by natural infection (infectious blood meal) are shown. Infection, dissemination, and transmission rates were calculated as the number of positive samples divided by the total number of tested fed female mosquitoes. Hyphen indicates unknown value.