Fig. 4.

Domain-averaged vertical profiles of trade-wind shallow cumulus cloud fraction in LES (using the University of California Los Angeles—UCLA model) of precipitating clouds (left) and non-precipitating clouds (middle) over a small domain ($\sim 13\text{km}$), and precipitating clouds over a larger domain ($\sim 50\text{km}$; right panel). The experimental setup is similar to that in Bellon and Stevens (2012) and consists of prescribed initial conditions and large-scale forcings (sea surface temperature, subsidence, radiative cooling and geostrophic wind) representative of the trade-wind regions. Results are shown for the present-day climate (solid) and as a response to a uniform warming of $+4$K at constant relative humidity (dashed). Figure adapted from Vogel et al. (2016)