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. 2017 Dec 5;7:16963. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17277-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MR sensing element characteristics for magnetic synapse. (a) Output signal profile of MR sensing element measured by four-probe method. The external magnetic field was applied along the x-axis perpendicular to the exchange bias field direction. The MR sensing element consists of Ta/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/IrMn/Ta thin films with a spin-valve structure. The magnetic field sensitivity was 2.79 mV/Oe in the range of +300 Oe. The inset shows an optical 3D image of the multi-ring MR sensing element. (b) Finite element simulation (ANSYS, Maxwell 16.1) showing the correlation between the vertical position of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field strength present at the MR sensing element. The simulation was carried out to determine the optimum initial position of the permanent magnet relative to the MR sensing element. The magnetic field strength decreases as the vertical distance of the permanent magnet changes from 0 mm to 3 mm, which is categorized as the active distance. (c) Cross-sectional image of magnetic synapse with air tube connected. The initial position of the permanent magnet was 3 mm from the MR sensor, as determined by finite element simulation. (d) Permanent magnet displacement calculated from the measured output signal of the MR sensing element versus applied tactile pressure. Finite element simulation was carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2, hyperelastic module.