Table 3.
Distributions of posttraumatic symptom scores in indirectly exposed women and men.
| Women (n = 918) | Men (n = 697) | d | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean 95% CI | SD 95% CI | Mean | SD | Mean 95% CI | SD 95% CI | ||
| INDIVIDUAL SYMPTOMS OF PTSD | |||||||||
| R1: intrusive thoughts | 2.02 | 1.00 | 1.95–2.08 | 0.95–1.05 | 1.64 | 0.89 | 1.57–1.70 | 0.82–0.95 | 0.40 |
| R2: nightmares | 1.35 | 0.74 | 1.30–1.40 | 0.67–0.80 | 1.18 | 0.56 | 1,14–1.22 | 0.47–0.64 | 0.26 |
| R3: reliving trauma | 1.26 | 0.64 | 1.23–1.31 | 0.57–0.71 | 1.14 | 0.47 | 1.11–1.18 | 0.39–0.55 | 0.23 |
| R4: emotional cue reactivity | 1.69 | 0.92 | 1.63–1.75 | 0.86–0.97 | 1.37 | 0.71 | 1.32–1.42 | 0.64–0.77 | 0.39 |
| R5: physiological cue activity | 1.33 | 0.74 | 1.29–1.38 | 0.66–0.81 | 1.16 | 0.48 | 1.13–1.20 | 0.41–0.56 | 0.28 |
| A1: avoidance of thoughts | 1.62 | 0.95 | 1.56–1.69 | 0.89–1.02 | 1.40 | 0.78 | 1.35–1.46 | 0.71–0.84 | 0.26 |
| A2: avoidance of reminders | 1.32 | 0.77 | 1.28–1.37 | 0.69–0.84 | 1.18 | 0.57 | 1.14–1.22 | 0.47–0.65 | 0.21 |
| N1: trauma-related amnesia | 1.18 | 0.54 | 1.15–1.22 | 0.47–0.61 | 1.08 | 0.34 | 1.06–1.11 | 0.27–0.40 | 0.22 |
| N2: loss of interest | 1.31 | 0.71 | 1.27–1.36 | 0.64–0.78 | 1.22 | 0.61 | 1.17–1.27 | 0.52–0.69 | 0.14 |
| N3: feeling detached | 1.34 | 0.75 | 1.30–1.39 | 0.68–0.81 | 1.22 | 0.60 | 1.17–1.26 | 0.51–0.67 | 0.19 |
| N4: feeling numb | 1.17 | 0.52 | 1.13–1.20 | 0.45–0.58 | 1.13 | 0.44 | 1.10–1.17 | 0.36–0.50 | 0.07 |
| N5: hopelessness | 1.21 | 0.63 | 1.16–1.25 | 0.53–0.70 | 1.17 | 0.54 | 1.13–1.21 | 0.45–0.63 | 0.07 |
| DA1: difficulty sleeping | 1.60 | 1.03 | 1.53–1.66 | 0.96–1.09 | 1.30 | 0.73 | 1.24–1.35 | 0.63–0.81 | 0.34 |
| DA2: irritable/angry | 1.56 | 0.86 | 1.51–1.61 | 0.80–0.92 | 1.31 | 0.69 | 1.26–1.36 | 0.61–0.76 | 0.32 |
| DA3: difficulty concentrating | 1.76 | 1.00 | 1.70–1.83 | 0.94–1.06 | 1.43 | 0.80 | 1.36–1.49 | 0.73–0.87 | 0.37 |
| AA1: overly alert | 1.62 | 0.92 | 1.56–1.68 | 0.85–0.97 | 1.36 | 0.72 | 1.31–1.41 | 0.64–0.79 | 0.32 |
| AA2: easily startled | 1.60 | 0.88 | 1.54–1.65 | 0.82–0.94 | 1.24 | 0.61 | 1.20–1.29 | 0.53–0.69 | 0.47 |
| CLUSTERS OF PTSD | |||||||||
| Re-experiencing | 1.53 | 0.63 | 1.49–1.57 | 0.58–0.68 | 1.30 | 0.49 | 1.26–1.33 | 0.43–0.55 | 0.41 |
| Avoidance | 1.47 | 0.77 | 1.42–1.52 | 0.70–0.83 | 1.29 | 0.59 | 1.25–1.34 | 0.52–0.66 | 0.27 |
| Emotional numbing | 1.24 | 0.50 | 1.21–1.27 | 0.44–0.55 | 1.16 | 0.40 | 1.13–1.19 | 0.33–0.45 | 0.17 |
| Dysphoric arousal | 1.64 | 0.85 | 1.58–1.69 | 0.79–0.89 | 1.35 | 0.65 | 1.30–1.39 | 0.57–0.72 | 0.39 |
| Anxious arousal | 1.61 | 0.84 | 1.55–1.66 | 0.77–0.89 | 1.30 | 0.62 | 1.26–1.35 | 0.54–0.69 | 0.42 |
| OVERALL PTSD | |||||||||
| Posttraumatic stress sum | 24.94 | 9.27 | 24.36–25.51 | 8.51–9.98 | 21.53 | 7.39 | 20.97–22.06 | 6.40–8.31 | 0.41 |
| % | n | % | n | OR | |||||
| Fulfilling criteria for PTSD | 4.6 | 42 | 2.6 | 18 | 1.81 | ||||