Table 3.
Statistical outcomes between gait parameters and cognitive dual-task, including effect sizes when available
| Study | Cognitive dual-task used | Gait parameter (Change vs Control) | Interaction | p-value | Cohens D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catena 2011 | Auditory Stroop Task (high/low pitch) | 1. COM-AV (DEC) 2. Sagittal COM/COP Separation (DEC) 3. Day 14 COM M/L ROM (INC) 4. Peak M/L COM V |
1. G*G 2. G*G, G*D 3. G*G 4. NS |
1. p = 0.015* 2. p = 0.041*/0.001* 3. p = 0.00625* 4. NR |
NC |
| Howell 2014 | 3. MSE (5wrd reverse, -7s, month reverse) | 1. M/L COM Disp. (INC) 2. M/L COM Peak V 3. Peak COM Ant V 4. AVG Walking Speed (DEC) |
1. G*G 2. NS 3. G*G 4. G*D |
1. p = 0.004* 2. P = > 0.125 3. p = 0.008* 4. p = 0.015* |
1-4. NC |
| Howell 2015 | Auditory Stoop 4stim (high vs. low pitch) | 1. Adolescent M/L COM disp. (INC) 2. Peak M/L COM V (INC) 3. Peak COM ANT V (DEC) 4. Young Adult M/L COM Displacement 5. Young Adult Peak M/L COM V |
1. G*G 2. G*G 3. G*G 4. NS 5. NS |
1. p = 0.001* 2. p = 0.001* 3. p = 0.01* 4. p = 0.149 5. NR |
1-5. NC |
| Howell 2013 | Auditory Stoop 4stim (high vs. low pitch) | 1. Peak Ant COM V (DEC) 2. Peak M/L COM V (INC) 3. M/L COM DISP. (INC) 4. Average Walking speed (m/s) 5. Step Length (m) (INC) |
1. G*G 2. G*G 3. G*G 4. NS 5. G*D |
1. p = 0.001* 2. p = 0.027* 3. p = 0.014* 4. NR 5. p = 0.012* |
1-3. NC 4. -0.106 (trivial) 5. -0.905 (large) |
| Catena 2006 | 1. MSE (5wrd reverse, Sub X 7, months reverse) | 1. Gait V (DEC) 2. Stride Time (INC) 3. Stride Length (m) 4. Step Width (m) 5. COM A/P DISP 6. COM A/P V (DEC) 7. COM/COP SMAX (DEC) 8. COM M/L DISP (INC) 9. COM Peak M/L V 10. COM M/L Max |
1. G*G 2. G*G 3. NS 4. NS 5. NS 6. G*G 7. NS 8. G*G 9. G*G 10. NS |
1. p = 0.007* 2. p = 0.020* 3. NR 4. NR 5. NR 6. p = 0.007* 7. NR 8. p = 0.041* 9. p = 0.046* 10. NR |
1. -1.19 (large) 2. 1.01 (large) 3. - 0.52 (Mod) 4. 0.739 (Mod) 5. - 0.517 (Mod) 6. - 1.197 (large) 7. -0.712 (Mod) 8. 0.899 (Mod) 9. 0.871 (Mod) 10. 0.200 (Small) |
| Catena 2009 | 1. MSE (5wrd reverse, Sub X 7, months reverse) | 1. Day 2 COM AP Disp. (DEC) 2. COM A/P V (DEC) 3. COM/COP M/L SMAX 4. COM M/L V |
1. G*G 2. G*G 3. NS 4. NS |
1. p = 0.0143* 2. p = 0.0135* 3. NR 4. NR |
1. NC 2. -0.483 (Small) 3. 0.017 (Trivial) 4. -0.029 (Trivial) |
| Parker 2006 | MSE (5wrd reverse, Sub X 7, months reverse) | 1. Day 2 Gait Velocity (DEC) 2. Day 2 Stride Length (DEC) 3. Stride Time (s) 4. Step Width (m) 5. COM ANT DISP (m) 6. COM ANT Inst. V 7. COM/COP SMAX (DEC) 8. COM M/L Inst. V 9. COM M/L Disp. (INC) 10. COM/COP M/L SMAX |
1. G*G 2. G*G 3. NS 4. NS 5. NS 6. NS 7. G*G 8. NS 9. G*G 10. NS |
1. p = 0.012* 2. p = 0.016* 3. NR 4. NR 5. NR 6. NR 7. p = 0.005* 8. NR 9. p = 0.013* 10. NR |
1. NC 2. -0.990 (large) 3. 0.40 (Small) 4. 0.084 (trivial) 5. -0.845 (large) 6. -0.907 (large) 7. NC 8. 0.030 (trivial) 9. NC 10. - 0.038 (trivial) |
| Parker 2007 | MSE (5wrd reverse, Sub X 7, months reverse) | 1. COM M/L DISP (INC) 2. COM/ COP ANT SEP (DEC) |
1. G*D 2. G*D |
1. p = 0.001* 2. p = 0.040* |
1. NC 2. NC |
| Parker 2005 | MSE (5wrd reverse, Sub X 7, months reverse) | 1. Gait Velocity (m/s) 2. Step Width (m) 3. Stride Length(DEC) 4. Stride time (S) 5. COM AP ROM (m) 6. COM AP V (DEC) 7. COM AP SMAX 8. COM ML ROM (INC) 9. COM ML V (m/s) 10. COM ML SMAX (m) |
1. NS 2. NS 3. G*G 4. NS 5. NS 6. NS 7. NS 8. G*G 9. NS 10. NS |
1. NR 2. NR 3. p=0.042* 4. NR 5. NR 6. p = 0.041* 7. NR 8. p = 0.021* 9. NR 10. NR |
1. -1.09 (large) 2. -0.44 (small) 3. -1.29 (large) 4. 0.328 (small) 5. -1.43 (large) 6. -1.09 (large) 7. -0.69 (Mod) 8. 0.59 (Mod) 9. -0.29 (Small) 10. -0.53 (Mod) |
| Chen 2015 | MSE (5wrd reverse, Sub X 7, months reverse) | 1. Gait V (m/s) (DEC) 2. Stride Length (m) 3. Step Width (m) |
1. G*G 2. NS 3. NS |
1. p = 0.04* 2. p = 0.22 3. p = 0.70 |
1. -1.02 (Large) 2. -0.57 (Mod) 3. -0.197 (Trivial) |
Cognitive task: MSE = Mental state exam 3 task Q/A.
Gait Parameters: COM = Center of Mass, COP = Center of Pressure, ANT = Anterior, V = Velocity (m/s), A/P = Anterior/Posterior, M/L = Medial/Lateral, DISP = Displacement, SMAX = Separation Maximum (m), SEP = Separation (m), INC = Increased as compared to control, DEC = Decreased as compared to control
Significance: * = p < 0.05, NR = Value Not Reported
Interaction: G*G= Between Group Interaction (Concussion vs control), G*D = Between testing day interaction within the concussion group, NS = No Significant Interaction
Cohen's: Not calculated due to a lack of study reporting (NC)