Table 3.
Meta-regression analysis for governance indicators, GDP, Gini index, country population and surface area, and CCI coverage, CIX and SII
| Unadjusted | Adjusted 1* | Adjusted 2† | Adjusted 3‡ | ||||||||||
| β (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted R² (%) | β (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted R² (%) | β (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted R² (%) | β (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted R² (%) | ||
| CCI coverage | Control of corruption | 11.2 (4.9 to 17.6) | 0.001 | 12.9 | −2.7 (−12.7 to 7.1) | 0.596 | 39.9 | – | – | 52.0 | |||
| Government effectiveness | 16.1 (10.8 to 21.4) | <0.001 | 31.8 | 20.1 (9.0 to 31.2) | 0.001 | – | – | ||||||
| Political stability and absence of violence | 8.6 (5.4 to 11.9) | <0.001 | 25.7 | 6.7 (3.1 to 10.2) | <0.001 | 6.3 (3.6 to 9.1) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Regulatory quality | 10.8 (5.7 to 15.8) | <0.001 | 17.7 | −0.1 (−8.9 to 8.7) | 0.988 | – | – | ||||||
| Rule of law | 13.1 (7.3 to 18.9) | <0.001 | 19.9 | −6.2 (−19.3 to 7.0) | 0.353 | – | – | ||||||
| Voice and accountability | 6.4 (2.0 to 10.7) | 0.004 | 8.9 | −2.2 (−7.3 to 2.8) | 0.382 | – | – | ||||||
| GDP per capita (log scale) | 9.5 (6.8 to 12.1) | <0.001 | 39.1 | 9.5 (6.9 to 12.2) | <0.001 | 41.4 | 8.0 (5.6 to 10.5) | <0.001 | |||||
| Gini index for income | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.3) | 0.717 | −1.1 | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.896 | – | – | ||||||
| Country surface area (km2, million) | −4.2 (−8.8 to 0.4) | 0.071 | 2.9 | −4.8 (−9.1 to −0.5) | 0.028 | – | – | ||||||
| Country population (inhabitants, million) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | 0.438 | −0.5 | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.03) | 0.668 | – | – | ||||||
| Concentration index for CCI | Control of corruption | −2.2 (−4.2 to −0.2) | 0.033 | 2.8 | 1.2 (−2.1 to 4.5) | 0.457 | 26.6 | – | – | 51.3 | |||
| Government effectiveness | −3.4 (−5.2 to −1.5) | <0.001 | 17.0 | −4.2 (−8.1 to −0.3) | 0.033 | – | – | ||||||
| Political stability and absence of violence | −2.5 (−3.6 to −1.4) | <0.001 | 21.0 | −2.2 (−3.5 to −0.9) | 0.001 | −1.4 (−2.4 to −0.4) | 0.007 | ||||||
| Regulatory quality | −2.1 (−3.7 to −0.4) | 0.014 | 6.5 | 0.3 (−2.6 to 3.1) | 0.861 | – | – | ||||||
| Rule of law | −2.8 (−4.7 to −1.0) | 0.004 | 9.8 | 0.6 (−3.9 to 5.0) | 0.798 | – | – | ||||||
| Voice and accountability | −1.2 (−2.6 to 0.2) | 0.092 | −0.4 | 0.9 (−0.8 to 2.6) | 0.288 | – | – | ||||||
| GDP per capita (log scale) | −2.3 (−3.1 to −1.4) | <0.001 | 35.8 | −2.3 (−3.1 to −1.5) | <0.001 | 47.7 | −2.0 (−2.8 to −1.2) | <0.001 | |||||
| Gini index for income | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 0.537 | −0.5 | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 0.553 | – | – | ||||||
| Country surface area (km2, million) | 1.9 (0.5 to 3.3) | 0.009 | 8.4 | 1.9 (0.5 to 3.2) | 0.007 | 1.6 (0.5 to 2.7) | 0.007 | ||||||
| Country population (inhabitants, million) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.076 | 5.1 | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.621 | – | – | ||||||
| Slope index for CCI | Control of corruption | −8.8 (−16.1 to −1.6) | 0.017 | 5.8 | 1.6 (−10.9 to 14.1) | 0.799 | 21.4 | – | – | 39.0 | |||
| Government effectiveness | −11.0 (−17.8 to −4.2) | 0.002 | 10.8 | −9.1 (−23.5 to 5.4) | 0.212 | – | – | ||||||
| Political stability and absence of violence | −8.8 (−12.5 to −5.1) | <0.001 | 22.7 | −8.2 (−12.7 to −3.7) | 0.001 | −5.3 (−8.9 to −1.7) | 0.005 | ||||||
| Regulatory quality | −7.1 (−13.2 to −1.1) | 0.021 | 5.0 | −0.1 (−11.2 to 10.9) | 0.983 | – | – | ||||||
| Rule of law | −10.3 (−17.1 to −3.5) | 0.003 | 9.2 | 0.6 (−16.0 to 17.2) | 0.943 | – | – | ||||||
| Voice and accountability | −4.3 (−9.3 to 0.8) | 0.095 | 1.9 | 3.3 (−3.1 to 9.7) | 0.308 | – | – | ||||||
| GDP per capita (log scale) | −7.2 (−10.8 to −3.7) | <0.001 | 16.4 | −7.2 (−10.6 to −3.9) | <0.001 | 26.4 | −6.3 (−9.3 to −3.2) | <0.001 | |||||
| Gini index for income | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | 0.576 | −0.9 | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | 0.585 | – | – | ||||||
| Country surface area (km2, million) | 7.2 (2.3 to 12.1) | 0.004 | 9.2 | 6.3 (1.0 to 11.5) | 0.020 | 5.2 (0.9 to 9.4) | 0.018 | ||||||
| Country population (inhabitants, million) | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.05) | 0.020 | 6.0 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.311 | – | – |
Bold numbers indicate statistically significant associations.
*Adjusted for other governance indicators.
†Adjusted for non-governance indicators (GDP, Gini, surface area and population).
‡Adjusted for all variables with p<0.05 in the adjusted models 1 and 2.
β, meta-regression coefficient; CCI, composite coverage index; CIX, concentration index; GDP, gross domestic product; R², coefficient of determination; SII, slope index of inequality.