TABLE 1.

Summary Statistics for the Four Ground-Glass Opacity Nodule (GGN) Categories on Preoperative and Postoperative CT Scans

	Preoperative CT Scans					Postoperative CT Scans
Metric	AAH	AIS	MIA	IAC	p	AAH	AIS	MIA	IAC	p
Minimum signal intensity (HU)	−805.3 ± 67.6	−806.3 ± 74.3	−785.7 ± 75.0	−736.6 ± 159.6	0.08	−804.7 ± 71.7	−803.9 ± 61.5	−786.0 ± 76.4	−776.4 ± 100.1	0.31
Maximum signal intensity (HU)	−308.4 ± 150.0	−228.3 ± 177.3	−113.7 ± 206.0	17.9 ± 161.5	1.6 × 10−1a	−200.43 ± 231.68	−181.76 ± 188.79	−40.897 ± 197.06	121.7 ± 192.41	5.53 × 10−8a
Mean signal intensity (HU)	−633.1 ± 52.6	−613.1 ± 88.2	−585.8 ± 84.6	−491.2 ± 154.6	6.9 × 10−5a	−612.31 ± 64.868	−595.45 ± 90.414	−549.55 ± 90.894	−476.5 ± 131.77	6.67 × 10−5a
Skewness	0.56 ± 0.42	0.60 ± 0.51	0.90 ± 0.68	0.71 ± 0.45	0.14	0.59 ± 0.54	0.59 ± 0.44	0.76 ± 0.51	0.73 ± 0.49	0.31
Kurtosis	0.26 ± 1.61	0.33 ± 1.63	0.96 ± 2.85	0.09 ± 1.09	0.65	0.54 ± 2.53	0.14 ± 1.27	0.43 ± 1.59	0.18 ± 1.14	0.84
Variance in signal intensity	8841 ± 1794	13,679 ± 9653	19,115 ± 11,029	27,319 ± 13,149	1.6 × 10−6a	12,069 ± 2886.9	16,224 ± 11,161	23,309 ± 11,581	34,870 ± 13,908	4.25 × 10−8a
Energy	3.4 × 108 ± 2.85 × 108	4.24 × 108 ± 4.92 × 108	7.23 × 108 ± 1.03 × 109	1.59 × 109 ± 2.17 × 109	0.035a	3.94 × 108 ± 3.38 × 108	4.36 × 108 ± 4.86 × 108	7.01 × 108 ± 1.00 × 109	1.70 × 109 ± 2.28 × 109	0.026a
Entropy	1772.7 ± 2278.4	2696 ± 5085.9	6081 ± 13,754	22,019 ± 32,518	2.1 × 10−4a	2092.1 ± 2916.3	2852.7 ± 5158.3	6231.3 ± 13,848	22,500 ± 35,029	2.07 × 10−4a
Volume (mL)	0.43 ± 0.45	0.53 ± 0.68	0.94 ± 1.45	2.10 ± 1.99	8.2 × 10−6a	0.51 ± 0.57	0.57 ± 0.71	1.00 ± 1.49	2.73 ± 3.46	1.22 × 10−5a
Surface area (mm2)	483.8 ± 384.0	579.2 ± 529.2	888.7 ± 915.2	1772.6 ± 1419.1	1.7 × 10−5a	533.9 ± 425.2	601.8 ± 547.7	924.1 ± 916.9	2023.3 ± 1845.8	1.11 × 10−5a
Compactness	3.5 ± 1.6	3.6 ± 1.9	4.6 ± 2.8	7.0 ± 3.3	7.7 × 10−6a	3.7 ± 1.9	3.8 ± 2.0	4.8 ± 2.8	7.8 ± 4.8	1.74 × 10−5a
Maximum 3D diameter (mm)	12.0 ± 4.4	13.7 ± 5.7	16.1 ± 7.5	22.5 ± 9.3	8.2s × 10−5a	13.0 ± 4.8	13.9 ± 5.5	16.4 ± 7.3	23.4 ± 9.8	4.76 × 10−5a
Spheric disproportion	2.03 × 10−3 ± 2.35 × 10−3	1.91 × 10−3 ± 1.80 × 10−3	1.19 × 10−3 ± 1.15 × 10−3	5.10 × 10−4 ± 8.27 × 10−4	6.8 × 10−6a	1.89 × 10−3 ± 2.33 × 10−3	1.76 × 10−3 ± 1.79 × 10−3	1.05 × 10−3 ± 9.76 × 10−4	4.87 × 10−4 ± 7.87 × 10−4	1.17 × 10−5a
Autocorrelation	1.89 × 107 ± 1.73 × 107	3.72 × 107 ± 8.08 × 107	8.50 × 107 ± 1.72 × 108	3.45 × 108 ± 4.35 × 108	3.2 × 10−6a	3.05 × 107 ± 2.94 × 107	4.88 × 107 ± 1.07 × IO8	1.13 × 108 ± 2.26 × 108	5.24 × 108 ± 6.42 × 108	8.47 × 10−7a
Cluster prominence	1.52 × 1013 ± 1.55 × 1013	9.67 × 1013 ± 4.58 × 1014	1.82 × 1014 ± 3.70 × 1014	1.16 × 1015 ± 1.73 1015	5.6 × 10−6a	3.57 × 1013 ± 3.90 × 1013	1.53 × 1014 ± 7.16 × 1014	2.94 × 10,14 ± 5.99 × 1014	2.37 × 1015 ± 3.39 × 1015	1.62 × 10−7a
Cluster shade	3.28 × 1010 ± 3.13 × 1010	1.06 × 1011 ± 3.67 × 1011	2.28 × 1011 ± 4.48 × 1011	1.15 × 1012 ± 1.55 × 1012	6.8 × 10−6a	6.36 × 1010 ± 6.49 × 1010	1.53 × 1011 ± 5.28 × 1011	3.37 × 1011 ± 6.63 × 1011	2.04 × 1012 ± 2.65 × 1012	2.99 × 10−7a
Cluster tendency	7.71 × 107 ± 6.95 × 107	1.51 × 108 ± 3.32 × 108	3.36 × 108 ± 6.37 × 108	1.32 × 109 ± 1.63 × 109	5.9 × 10−6a	1.24 × 108 ± 1.19 × 108	1.99 × 108 ± 4.39 × 108	4.49 × 108 ± 8.53 × 108	2.05 × 109 ± 2.45 × 109	7.36 × 10−7a
Homogeneity	35.9 ± 29.4	42.6 ± 55.9	70.8 ± 112.5	210.6 ± 290.1	2.8 × 10−4a	38.9 ± 34.2	43.6 ± 52.4	69.0 ± 110.5	193.9 ± 269.9	2.80 × 10−4a
Variance (GLCM)	2.09 × 107 ± 1.92 × 107	4.11 × 107 ± 8.88 × 107	9.37 × 107 ± 1.85 × 108	3.72 × 108 ± 4.64 × 108	3.1 × 10−6a	3.34 × 107 ± 3.26 × 107	5.39 × 107 ± 1.17 × 108	1.24 × 108 ± 2.43 × 108	5.64 × 108 ± 6.85 × 108	9.1 × 10−7a
Short-run emphasis	9.16 × 10−1 ± 3.13 × 10−2	9.25 × 10−1 ± 2.89 × 10−2	9.14 × 10−1 ± 3.26 × 10−2	9.05 × 10−1 ± 3.07 × 10−2	0.065	9.23 × 10−1 ± 3.29 × 10−2	9.22 × 10−1 ± 2.31 × 10−2	9.14 × 10−1 ± 2.95 × 10−2	9.01 × 10−1 ± 2.45 × 10−2	0.008a
Long-run emphasis	2.23 ± 1.08	2.21 ± 1.32	3.06 ± 2.26	4.61 ± 3.01	1.9 × 10−4a	2.19 ± 1.04	2.16 ± 1.03	3.00 ± 1.97	4.44 ± 2.47	1.95 × 10−5a
Gray-level nonuniformity	3.66 ± 2.24	4.18 ± 4.30	6.16 ± 7.36	14.86 ± 21.56	2.2 × 10−3a	3.68 ± 2.43	4.07 ± 3.85	5.66 ± 6.60	11.40 ± 12.89	0.0027a
Low gray-level run emphasis	4.70 × 10−3 ± 4.83 × 10−3	5.31 × 10−3 ± 3.55 × 10−3	4.72 × 10−3 ± 3.58 × 10−3	3.75 × 10−3 ± 3.87 × 10−3	0.148	3.47 × 10−3 ± 2.80 × 10−3	4.18 × 10−3 ± 2.75 × 10−3	4.19 × 10−3 ± 3.21 × 10−3	2.83 × 10−3 ± 1.97 × 10−3	0.194
High gray-level run emphasis	2.38 × 104 ± 9.68 × 103	2.98 × 104 ± 2.98 × 103	3.68 × 104 ± 2.32 × 104	7.13 × 104 ± 3.99 × 104	9.4 × 10−6a	3.24 × 104 ± 1.48 × 104	3.47 × 104 ± 3.41 × 104	4.64 × 104 ± 2.79 × 104	9.71 × 104 ± 5.36 × 104	5.67 × 10−8a
Short-run low gray-level emphasis	4.12 × 10−3 ± 4.04 × 10−3	4.70 × 10−3 ± 3.21 × 10−3	3.96 × 10−3 ± 2.97 × 10−3	2.99 × 10−3 ± 3.24 × 10−3	0.065	3.04 × 10−3 ± 2.48 × 10−3	3.53 × 10−3 ± 2.29 × 10−3	3.44 × 10−3 ± 2.58 × 10−3	2.14 × 10−3 ± 1.53 × 10−3	0.061
Short-run high gray-level emphasis	2.24 × 104 ± 9.20 × 103	2.84 × 104 ± 2.75 × 104	3.51 × 104 ± 2.19 × 104	6.82 × 104 ± 3.83 × 104	7.77 × 10−6a	3.10 × 104 ± 1.43 × 104	3.33 × 104 ± 3.22 × 104	4.43 × 104 ± 2.64 × 104	9.26 × 104 ± 5.10 × 104	6.91 × 10−8a

Note—Except where otherwise indicated, data are mean (± SD) values. AAH = atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AIS = adenocarcinoma in situ, MIA= minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, IAC = invasive adenocarcinoma, GLCM = gray-level co-occurrence matrix.

^aStatistically significant.