TABLE 2.

Summary Statistics for All 248 Ground-Glass Opacity Nodules on Preoperative CT

Metric	AAH	AIS	MIA	IAC	pa
Minimum signal intensity (HU)	−781.82 ± 54.151	−797.75 ± 78.786	−767.32 ± 78.057	−728.27 ± 114.97	1.55 × 10−4
Maximum signal intensity (HU)	−335.53 ± 151.81	−240.64 ± 174.73	−83.566 ± 179.17	30.169 ± 147.57	4.50 × 10−18
Mean signal intensity (HU)	−642.08 ± 61.353	−612.91 ± 85.422	−565.75 ± 86.005	−463.71 ± 134.03	1.49 × 10−14
Skewness	0.69 ± 0.37	0.62 ± 0.49	0.83 ± 0.55	0.55 ± 0.45	5.69 × 10−3
Kurtosis	0.28 ± 1.25	0.33 ± 1.53	0.55 ± 2.09	−0.34 ± 1.00	7.72 × 10−4
Variance in signal intensity	8320.4 ± 4280.8	13,085 ± 9034	21,238 ± 10,731	33,858 ± 16,889	2.34 × 10−18
Energy	2.59 × 108 ± 2.29 × 108	3.69 × 108 ± 4.22 × 108	7.39 × 108 ± 1.18 × 109	1.09 × 109 ± 1.62 × 109	5.29 × 10−4
Entropy	1156.5 ± 1677.9	2159.3 ± 4266.8	6396.4 ± 14,683	14,345 ± 24,681	2.43 × 10−8
Volume (mL)	0.30 ± 0.33	0.46 ± 0.57	0.98 ± 1.36	1.75 ± 1.75	3.46 × 10−13
Surface area (mm2)	372.84 ± 290.66	518.89 ± 454.45	948.2 ± 938.77	1578.3 ± 1372.4	3.23 × 10−13
Compactness	2.89 ± 1.31	3.44 ± 1.68	4.70 ± 2.63	6.34 ± 2.85	5.85 × 10−13
Maximum 3D diameter (mm)	11.01 ± 3.46	13.01 ± 4.97	16.78 ± 7.06	22.21 ± 9.57	5.72 × 10−13
Spheric disproportion	2.84 × 10−3 ± 2.16 × 10−3	2.06 × 10−3 ± 1.98 × 10−3	1.10 × 10−3 ± 1.10 × 10−3	5.14 × 10−4 ± 6.60 × 10−4	3.36 × 10−13
Autocorrelation	1.05 × 107 ± 1.35 × 107	2.97 × 107 ± 6.75 × 107	1.03 × 108 ± 2.09 × 108	3.38 × 108 ± 4.95 × 108	6.42 × 10−15
Cluster prominence	7.84 × 1012 ± 1.18 × 1013	6.96 × 1013 ± 3.76 × 1014	2.71 × 1014 ± 7.02 × 1014	1.49 × 1015 ± 2.91 × 1015	1.02 × 10−15
Cluster shade	1.75 × 1010 ± 2.43 × 1010	8.01 × 1010 ± 3.03 × 1011	3.07 × 1011 ± 6.87 × 1011	1.32 × 1012 ± 2.25 × 1012	2.07 × 10−15
Cluster tendency	4.32 × 107 ± 5.46 × 107	1.21 × 108 ± 2.77 × 108	4.07 × 108 ± 7.94 × 108	1.33 × 109 ± 1.93 × 109	1.02 × 10−14
Homogeneity	26.30 ± 23.27	36.82 ± 47.10	73.12 ± 119.98	139.67 ± 215.52	2.17 × 10−7
Short-run emphasis	9.26 × 10−1 ± 3.20 × 10−2	9.25 × 10−1 ± 2.78 × 10−2	9.09 × 10−1 ± 3.12 × 10−2	9.01 × 10−1 ± 3.03 × 10−2	2.57 × 10−5
Long-run emphasis	1.94 ± 0.83	2.09 ± 1.13	3.16 ± 2.16	4.50 ± 3.38	5.09 × 10−11
Gray-level nonuniformity	3.12 ± 1.90	3.80 ± 3.63	5.97 ± 7.44	9.78 ± 15.54	1.30 × 10−4
Low gray-level run emphasis	7.77 × 10−3 ± 5.04 × 10−3	5.96 × 10−3 ± 4.22 × 10−3	5.12 × 10−3 ± 3.14 × 10−3	4.17 × 10−3 ± 2.96 × 10−3	8.70 × 10−3
High gray-level run emphasis	1.60 × 104 ± 1.01 × 104	2.71 × 104 ± 2.57 × 104	4.13 × 104 ± 2.68 × 104	8.54 × 104 ± 5.47 × 104	2.32 × 10−17
Short-run low gray-level emphasis	6.83 × 10−3 ± 4.44 × 10−3	5.29 × 10−3 ± 3.97 × 10−3	4.19 × 10−3 ± 2.64 × 10−3	3.25 × 10−3 ± 2.46 × 10−3	4.77 × 10−4
Short-run high gray-level emphasis	1.52 × 104 ± 9.53 × 103	2.60 × 104 ± 2.38 × 104	3.96 × 104 ± 2.57 × 104	8.21 × 104 ± 5.30 × 104	1.88 × 10−17

Note—Except where otherwise indicated, data are mean (± SD) values. AAH = atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AIS = adenocarcinoma in situ, MIA = minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, IAC = invasive adenocarcinoma.

^aAll p values were statistically significant.