TABLE 3.

Summary Statistics for Indolent and Invasive Ground-Glass Opacity Nodules (GGNs) on Preoperative CT and Postoperative CT Scans

	Preoperative CT Scans			Postoperative CT Scans
Metric	Indolent GGNs	Invasive GGNs	p	Indolent GGNs	Invasive GGNs	p
Minimum signal intensity (HU)	−806.14 ± 72.982	−765.61 ± 118.64	0.019a	−803.98 ± 62.152	−782.03 ± 86.265	0.059
Maximum signal intensity (HU)	−238.3 ± 174.96	−59.879 ± 198.76	6.49 × 10−7a	−184.09 ± 192.36	25.621 ± 209.76	1.49 × 10−7a
Mean signal intensity (HU)	−615.63 ± 84.486	−547.12 ± 126.27	8.76 × 10−5a	−597.56 ± 87.321	−519.67 ± 114.39	3.06 × 10−5a
Skewness	0.60 ± 0.50	0.82 ± 0.60	0.031a	0.59 ± 0.45	0.75 ± 0.50	0.06
Kurtosis	0.32 ± 1.62	0.60 ± 2.32	0.53	0.19 ± 1.46	0.32 ± 1.42	0.47
Variance in signal intensity	13,074 ± 9180.4	22,471 ± 12,522	2.37 × 10−6a	15,705 ± 10,561	28,038 ± 13,733	9.00 × 10−8a
Energy	4.15 × 108 ± 4.70 × 108	1.08 × 109 ± 1.64 × 109	0.014a	4.31 × 108 ± 4.68 × 108	1.11 × 109 ± 1.71 × 109	0.047a
Entropy	2580.6 ± 4820.4	12,601 ± 24,411	3.19 × 10−4a	2757.6 ± 4920.7	12,887 ± 25,844	1.02 × 10−3a
Volume (mL)	0.52 ± 0.65	1.41 ± 1.77	4.67 × 10−5a	0.56 ± 0.69	1.71 ± 2.61	7.22 × 10−5a
Surface area (mm2)	567.23 ± 511.38	1250.3 ± 1219.4	9.24 × 10−5a	593.33 ± 531.06	1373.8 ± 1466.6	6.77 × 10−5a
Compactness	3.60 ± 1.86	5.59 ± 3.17	3.27 × 10−5a	3.80 ± 1.95	6.01 ± 3.99	7.70 × 10−5a
Maximum 3D diameter (mm)	13.50 ± 5.52	18.73 ± 8.81	5.29 × 10−4a	13.80 ± 5.35	19.24 ± 9.02	3.39 × 10−4a
Spheric disproportion	1.92 × 10−3 ± 1.85 × 10−3	9.14 × 10−4 ± 1.08 × 10−3	3.62 × 10−5a	1.78 × 10−3 ± 1.84 × 10−3	8.21 × 10−4 ± 9.40 × 10−4	6.77 × 10−5a
Autocorrelation	3.49 × 107 ± 7.60 × 107	1.91 × 108 ± 3.31 × 108	3.91 × 10−5a	4.65 × 107 ± 1.01 × 108	2.81 × 108 ± 4.86 × 108	2.33 × 10−5a
Cluster prominence	8.66 × 1013 ± 4.29 × 1014	5.84 × 1014 ± 1.23 × 1015	4.62 × 10−5a	1.38 × 1014 ± 6.70 × 1014	1.14 × 1015 ± 2.42 × 1015	5.51 × 10−6a
Cluster shade	9.67 × 1010 ± 3.44 × 1011	6.05 × 1011 ± 1.13 × 1012	4.77 × 10−5a	1.42 × 1011 ± 4.95 × 1011	1.03 × 1012 ± 1.94 × 1012	1.03 × 10−5a
Cluster tendency	1.42 × 108 ± 3.12 × 108	7.40 × 108 ± 1.24 × 109	5.33 × 10−5a	1.90 × 108 ± 4.13 × 108	1.10 × 109 ± 1.86 × 109	2.22 × 10−5a
Homogeneity	41.76 ± 53.14	127.99 ± 214.15	4.20 × 10−4a	42.99 ± 50.27	120.09 ± 200.30	1.96 × 10−3a
Variance (GLCM)	3.86 × 107 ± 8.34 × 107	2.08 × 108 ± 3.54 × 108	3.58 × 10−5a	5.13 × 107 ± 1.10 × 108	3.04 × 108 ± 5.19 × 108	2.44 × 10−5a
Short-run emphasis	0.92 ± 0.03	0.91 ± 0.03	1.79 × 10−2a	0.92 ± 0.02	0.91 ± 0.03	5.15 × 10−3a
Long-run emphasis	2.21 ± 1.28	3.70 ± 2.68	3.07 × 10−4a	2.16 ± 1.02	3.59 ± 2.28	9.54 × 10−5a
Gray-level nonuniformity	4.12 ± 4.09	9.72 ± 15.37	2.03 × 10−3a	4.02 ± 3.69	8.01 ± 10.00	8.59 × 10−3a
Low gray-level run emphasis	5.23 × 10−3 ± 3.69 × 10−3	4.33 × 10−3 ± 3.70 × 10−3	0.11	4.09 × 10−3 ± 2.74 × 10−3	3.64 × 10−3 ± 2.83 × 10−3	0.35
High gray-level run emphasis	29,001 ± 28,074	50,895 ± 35,257	1.04 × 10−4a	34,408 ± 32,233	67,176 ± 47,244	2.83 × 10−6a
Short-run low gray-level emphasis	4.63 × 10−3 ± 3.29 × 10−3	3.56 × 10−3 ± 3.10 × 10−3	5.06 × 10−2	3.47 × 10−3 ± 2.30 × 10−3	2.91 × 10−3 ± 2.29 × 10−3	0.13
Short-run high gray-level emphasis	27,635 ± 25,921	48,644 ± 33,697	8.95 × 10−5a	32,997 ± 30,451	64,024 ± 44,939	3.37 × 10−6a

Note—Except where otherwise indicated, data are mean (± SD) values. GLCM = gray-level co-occurrence matrix.

^aStatistically significant.