Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics overall and stratified by categories of 1-year fold changes in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio among 56,946 United States veterans
| Characteristics | Total, N = 56,946 | 1-yr Fold Changes in UACR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More than Twofold Decrease, n = 9412 | 1.25- to Twofold Decrease, n = 8536 | Stable, n = 16,368 | 1.25- to Twofold Increase, n = 10,972 | More than Twofold Increase, n = 11,658 | ||
| Age, yr | 64±10 | 63±11 | 64±10 | 64±10 | 65±10 | 64±10 |
| Men, n (%) | 55,441 (97) | 9109 (97) | 8315 (97) | 15,963 (98) | 10,703 (98) | 11,351 (97) |
| Black, n (%) | 7624 (15) | 1465 (17) | 1194 (15) | 1970 (13) | 1369 (14) | 1,626 (15) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 51,690 (91) | 8632 (92) | 7721 (91) | 14,713 (90) | 9943 (91) | 10,681 (92) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 47,813 (84) | 8120 (86) | 7180 (84) | 13,486 (82) | 9153 (83) | 9874 (85) |
| CHD, n (%) | 10,192 (18) | 1802 (19) | 1465 (17) | 2801 (17) | 1877 (17) | 2247 (19) |
| CHF, n (%) | 3981 (7) | 828 (9) | 511 (6) | 986 (6) | 651 (6) | 1005 (9) |
| CVD, n (%) | 4617 (8) | 828 (9) | 689 (8) | 1235 (8) | 857 (8) | 1008 (9) |
| PAD, n (%) | 5682 (10) | 1034 (11) | 841 (10) | 1533 (9) | 1010 (9) | 1264 (11) |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 10,401 (18) | 1805 (19) | 1562 (18) | 2843 (17) | 1926 (18) | 2265 (19) |
| Liver disease, n (%)a | 236 (1) | 40 (1) | 39 (1) | 64 (1) | 41 (1) | 52 (1) |
| Dementia, n (%)a | 350 (1) | 59 (1) | 46 (1) | 86 (1) | 66 (1) | 93 (1) |
| Rheumatologic disease,n (%)a | 707 (1) | 134 (1) | 103 (1) | 189 (1) | 133 (1) | 148 (1) |
| Malignancies, n (%) | 5887 (10) | 984 (11) | 878 (10) | 1607 (10) | 1111 (10) | 1307 (11) |
| Depression, n (%) | 5386 (10) | 1020 (11) | 811 (10) | 1411 (9) | 976 (9) | 1168 (10) |
| HIV/AIDS, n (%)a | 123 (1) | 24 (1) | 18 (1) | 27 (1) | 26 (2) | 28 (1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.9±6.1 | 32.2±6.5 | 31.8±6.0 | 31.7±6.0 | 31.8±6.0 | 31.9±6.2 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 133±17 | 136±18 | 134±17 | 133±16 | 132±16 | 132±17 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 74±11 | 76±11 | 75±11 | 74±11 | 74±10 | 73±11 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 79±16 | 80±16 | 79±16 | 80±15 | 79±16 | 78±16 |
| Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 |
| UACR, mg/g | 13 (6, 29) | 28 (14–78) | 14 (7–31) | 11 (6–21) | 9 (5–22) | 9 (4–20) |
| UACR categories, mg/g | ||||||
| <30 | 43,098 (76) | 4856 (52) | 6308 (74) | 13,349 (82) | 8895 (81) | 9690 (83) |
| 30 to <300 | 12,244 (22) | 3929 (42) | 1995 (23) | 2681 (16) | 1828 (17) | 1811 (16) |
| ≥300 | 1604 (3) | 627 (7) | 233 (3) | 338 (2) | 249 (2) | 157 (1) |
| Statin use, n (%)a | 16,637 (29) | 2754 (29) | 2572 (30) | 4702 (28) | 3205 (29) | 3404 (29) |
| Nonopioid analgesics use, n (%) | 17,537 (31) | 3134 (33) | 2671 (31) | 4819 (29) | 3169 (29) | 3744 (32) |
| RASi use, n (%) | 10,614 (19) | 1936 (21) | 1525 (18) | 2926 (18) | 1991 (18) | 2236 (19) |
| RASi adherence (>80%), n (%) | 29,340 (52) | 5182 (55) | 4330 (51) | 8203 (50) | 5564 (51) | 6061 (52) |
| Per capita income, $ | 24,504 (13,015–35,773) | 23,730 (12,643–34,089) | 24,340 (12,810–35,708) | 24,943 (13,395–37,000) | 25,121 (13,237–36,883) | 24,173 (12,725–34,914) |
| Married, n (%) | 32,854 (60) | 5169 (57) | 4926 (60) | 9671 (61) | 6501 (61) | 6587 (58) |
| Service connected, n (%)a | 23,793 (42) | 3972 (42) | 3557 (42) | 6754 (41) | 4552 (42) | 4958 (43) |
| Living in area with high housing stress, n (%) | 22,732 (40) | 3783 (41) | 3477 (41) | 6216 (38) | 4493 (41) | 4763 (41) |
| Living in area with low education, n (%) | 7065 (13) | 1238 (13) | 1162 (14) | 1907 (12) | 1285 (12) | 1473 (13) |
| Living in area with low employment, n (%) | 4648 (8) | 732 (8) | 716 (9) | 1487 (9) | 848 (8) | 865 (8) |
| Living in area of persistent poverty, n (%)a | 1677 (3) | 260 (3) | 250 (3) | 490 (3) | 355 (3) | 322 (3) |
Data are presented as number (percentage), mean±SD, or median (interquartile range). All P values except variables indicated for comparing differences across categories were statistically significant. UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; BMI, body mass index; RASi, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor.
a
Not statistically significant.