Table 3.

Seven trials with women only, either not included in the Cochrane review ‘Exercise interventions for smoking cessation’^† or currently in progress.

Study; country	Participants	Interventions	Outcomes‡	Percentage abstinence‡					Ref.
Bock et al. (2012); USA	n = 55; mean age = 46; mean CPD = 16; mean FTND = 5; exercise ≤3 days a week moderate or ≤2 days a week vigorous prior to study entry	(a) Intervention: yoga: group, facility, 60 min (twice a week for 8 weeks) + CP (once a week for 8 weeks); (b) Control: CP as (a) + health education (twice a week for 8 weeks)	Continuous abstinence; validation: saliva cotinine <15 ng/ml Follow-up: (i) 3 months (ii) 6 months		ET*	(i)	(ii)		[59]
				(a)	41	22	19
				(b)	13	9	13
Chaney and Sheriff (2008); USA	n = 101; mean age = 47	(a) Intervention: circuit training: individual, facility, 30 min (three-times a week for 8 weeks) + CP (once/week for 8 weeks) + nicotine lozenges; (b) Control: CP as (a) + nicotine lozenges	Not specified No follow-up		ET*				[56]
				(a)	82
				(b)	59
Jung et al. (2010); Canada	Target sample size: n = 420 Eligible if: >10 CPD, ≤ two 30-min sessions of exercise in previous 6 months	All participants: CV equipment: group, facility, 45 min, 70–75% HR maximum (three-times a week for 14 weeks) + nicotine patches; (a) Intervention 1: exercise counselling (once a week for 7 weeks + telephone support); (b) Intervention 2: as (a) + smoking relapse prevention booklets; (c) Control 1: relapse prevention booklets + health education (once a week for 7 weeks + telephone messages); (d) Control 2: health education only as (c)	Continuous abstinence; Validation: saliva cotinine <10 ng/ml, CO < 10 ppm Follow-up: (i) 26 weeks (ii) 56 weeks	Ongoing trial					[60]
Ussher et al. (2012); UK	Target sample size: n = 866 Eligible if: 10–24 weeks pregnant, smoking at ≤ one CPD now ≤5 CPD before pregnancy, aged 16–50 years	(a) Intervention: treadmill walking, 30 min (14 sessions over 8 weeks) + CP (once a week for 6 weeks) (b) Control CP as (a)	Continuous abstinence; validation: saliva cotinine <10 ng/ml, CO < 8 ppm Follow-up: (i) end of pregnancy (ii) 6 months postpartum (self-report only)	Ongoing trial					[61]
Vickers et al. (2009); USA	n = 60; mean age = 41; mean CPD = 21; exercising <20 min/day on fewer than 3 days/week, depression score >16 on CES-D	(a) Intervention: exercise counselling (once a week for 10 weeks) + CP (once a week for 10 weeks) + nicotine patches; (b) Control: health education (once a week for 10 weeks) + CP as (a) + nicotine patches	7-day PPA; Validation: CO < 8 ppm, urine cotinine Follow-up: (i) 24 weeks		ET	(i)			[57]
				(a)	5	1
				(b)	7	1
Whiteley et al. (2012); USA	n = 330; mean age = 44; mean CPD = 17; ≤20 min of vigorous activity twice per week	(a) Intervention: CV various + resistance training: individual, facility, 40–65 min, 64–85% HR maximum (three-times a week for 12 weeks) + CP (once a week for 12 weeks). (b) Control: CP as (a) + health education (four sessions over 12 weeks)	Continuous abstinence; validation: saliva cotinine <10 ng/ml, CO < 10 ppm Follow-up: (i) 12 weeks (ii) 24 weeks (iii) 52 weeks		ET	(i)	(ii)	(iii)	[58]
				(a)	14	8	7	7
				(b)	14	9	5	4
Williams et al. (2010); USA	n = 60; mean age = 42; <60 min/week of routine exercise	(a) Intervention: treadmill walking: individual, facility, 50 min, 70% maximum HR (three-times a week for 8 weeks) + single session CP + nicotine patches (b) Control: CP as (a) + health education (three-times a week for 8 weeks)	Prolonged abstinence; validation: CO < 10 ppm Follow-up: (i) 1 month		ET	(i)			[55]
				(a)	35	18
				(b)	20	13

^†Cochrane review: [46].

^‡Using the strictest definition of abstinence employed in each study.

^*p = 0.03.

CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CO: Carbon monoxide; CP: Smoking cessation program; CPD: Cigarettes per day; CV: Cardiovascular; ET: End of treatment; FTND: Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; HR: Heart rate; PPA: Point prevalence abstinence.