Table 3.

Criterion Validity of the CTC-YS Risk and Protective Factors: Associations with Substance Use

Domain	Regular Drinking				Daily Smoking				Current Marijuana
	National		AI/AN		National		AI/AN		National		AI/AN
	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI	OR	CI
Community
+ Opportunities	0.90a	(0.89 – 0.91)	0.97ns	(0.89 – 1.06)	0.78a	(0.77 – 0.79)	0.82a	(0.74 – 0.91)	0.83a	(0.82 – 0.84)	0.85a	(0.78 – 0.92)
+ Rewards	0.79a	(0.78 – 0.80)	0.79 a	(0.72 – 0.87)	0.74a	(0.73 – 0.76)	0.76	(0.68 – 0.85)	0.73 a	(0.72 – 0.74)	0.77 a	(0.70 – 0.84)
Low attachment	1.08a	(1.07 – 1.09)	0.97ns	(0.89 – 1.06)	1.17a	(1.15 – 1.19)	1.03ns	(0.93 – 1.14)	1.12 a	(1.11 – 1.14)	1.00ns	(0.92 – 1.0)
Disorganization	1.33a	(1.31 – 1.34)	1.46a	(1.35 – 1.59)	1.41a	(1.39 – 1.43)	1.35a	(1.22 – 1.48)	1.41 a	(1.40 – 1.43)	1.56 a	(1.44 – 1.69)
Transitions & mobility	1.14a	(1.12 – 1.15)	1.20a	(1.10 – 1.30)	1.28a	(1.26 – 1.30)	1.36 a	(1.24 – 1.49)	1.23 a	(1.21 – 1.24)	1.21 a	(1.12 – 1.32)
Laws & norms	2.04a	(2.02 – 2.07)	2.00a	(1.81 – 2.21)	2.06a	(2.02 – 2.09)	1.93 a	(1.73 – 2.16)	2.20 a	(2.17 – 2.23)	2.07 a	(1.88 – 2.28)
Availability of drug/arms	2.60a	(2.56 – 2.63)	2.49a	(2.25 – 2.76)	2.48a	(2.44– 2.53)	2.20a	(1.97 – 2.47)	2.89 a	(2.85– 2.94)	2.62 a	(2.37 – 2.89)
Family
Family attachment	0.75a	(0.74 – 0.76)	0.82a	(0.74 – 0.90)	0.70a	(0.69 –0.71)	0.70a	(0.63 –0.78)	0.71 a	(0.82 –0.84)	0.78 a	(0.65 –0.78)
+ Family opportunities & rewards	0.72a	(0.71 – 0.73)	0.80a	(0.73 – 0.87)	0.69a	(0.68 – 0.70)	0.73a	(0.66 – 0.81)	0.70 a	(0.72 – 0.74)	0.79 a	(0.66 – 0.79)
Family rewards + involvement	0.72a	(0.71 – 0.73)	0.76a	(0.69 – 0.83)	0.67a	(0.66 – 0.68)	0.69 a	(0.62 – 0.77)	0.69 a	(1.11 – 1.14)	0.77 a	(0.64 – 0.77)
− Family support	1.62a	(1.60 – 1.64)	1.52a	(1.39 – 1.66)	1.54a	(1.52 – 1.56)	1.54 a	(1.39 – 1.70)	1.60 a	(1.40 – 1.43)	1.83 a	(1.54 – 1.83)
− Family discipline	1.89a	(1.87 – 1.92)	1.84 a	(1.66 – 2.03)	1.70a	(1.67 – 1.73)	1.65 a	(1.47 – 1.84)	1.96 a	(1.21 – 1.24)	2.07 a	(1.71 – 2.07)
Family conflict	1.41a	(1.39 – 1.43)	1.37 a	(1.25 – 1.50)	1.41a	(1.39 – 1.44)	1.38 a	(1.24 – 1.53)	1.43 a	(2.17 – 2.23)	1.48 a	(1.25 – 1.48)
Family history of antisocial behavior	2.28a	(2.25 – 2.31)	2.33 a	(2.10 – 2.57)	2.48a	(2.44 – 2.52)	2.19 a	(1.96 – 2.46)	2.84 a	(2.85 – 2.94)	3.39 a	(2.74 – 3.39)
Parent attitudes to ATOD use	1.86a	(1.84 – 1.88)	1.86 a	(1.72 – 2.01)	1.92a	(1.89 – 1.94)	1.87a	(0.63 – 0.78)	1.90 a	(0.82 – 0.84)	2.13 a	(1.82 – 2.13)
Parent attitudes to antisocial behavior	1.62a	(1.61 – 1.64)	1.61 a	(1.49 – 1.74)	1.52a	(1.50 – 1.54)	1.55a	(0.66 – 0.81)	1.64 a	(0.72 – 0.74)	1.88 a	(1.62 – 1.88)
Peer/individual
Social skills	0.32a	(0.32 – 0.33)	0.30 a	(0.27 – 0.33)	0.36a	(0.35 –0.37)	0.39a	(0.35 –0.43)	0.33 a	(0.33 –0.34)	0.34 a	(0.31 –0.38)
Belief in the moral order	0.40a	(0.40 – 0.41)	0.39a	(0.35 – 0.43)	0.46 a	(0.46 – 0.47)	0.46 a	(0.41 – 0.51)	0.40 a	(0.39 – 0.40)	0.39 a	(0.35 – 0.43)
− Perceived risk for drug use	1.90a	(1.88 – 1.92)	1.81 a	(1.54 – 1.83)	2.18 a	(2.15 – 2.21)	1.68 a	(1.64 – 2.00)	2.37 a	(2.34 – 2.39)	2.05 a	(1.89 – 2.23)
Initiation of drugs & antisocial behavior	3.12a	(3.08 – 3.17)	2.79 a	(2.88 – 3.52)	3.12 a	(3.07 – 3.17)	3.19 a	(2.51 – 3.09)	3.23 a	(3.18 – 3.27)	3.11 a	(2.83 – 3.43)
Sensation seeking	2.70a	(2.67 – 2.74)	2.19 a	(2.55 – 3.09)	2.35 a	(2.31 – 2.38)	2.81 a	(1.98 – 2.42)	2.53 a	(2.49 – 2.56)	2.35 a	(2.15 – 2.56)
Gang involvement	1.41a	(1.39 – 1.42)	1.39 a	(1.54 – 1.77)	1.43 a	(1.42 – 1.45)	1.65 a	(1.29 – 1.51)	1.47 a	(1.45 – 1.48)	1.59 a	(1.49 – 1.71)
Rebelliousness	1.92a	(2.00 – 2.04)	1.97 a	(2.01 – 2.42)	1.92 a	(1.89 – 1.95)	2.20 a	(1.78 – 2.18)	1.93 a	(1.91 – 1.96)	2.11 a	(1.93 – 2.30)
Friends’ delinquent behavior	1.79a	(1.72 – 1.75)	1.67 a	(1.77 – 2.05)	1.79 a	(1.77 – 1.81)	1.90 a	(1.55 – 1.80)	2.00 a	(1.98 – 2.02)	2.05 a	(1.90 – 2.22)
Friends’ use of drugs	3.97a	(3.23 – 3.31)	3.13 a	(2.93 – 3.58)	3.97 a	(3.90 – 4.04)	3.24 a	(2.81 – 3.50)	4.70 a	(4.62 – 4.77)	4.12 a	(3.71 – 4.58)
Peer rewards for antisocial behavior	1.63a	(1.70 – 1.73)	1.74 a	(1.66 – 1.93)	1.63 a	(1.61 – 1.65)	1.79 a	(1.60 – 1.88)	1.75 a	(1.73 – 1.77)	1.86 a	(1.72 – 2.00)
+ Attitudes to antisocial behavior	2.09a	(2.19 – 2.25)	2.11 a	(2.26 – 2.69)	2.09 a	(2.06 – 2.12)	2.47 a	(1.93 – 2.32)	2.32 a	(2.29 – 2.35)	2.52 a	(2.31 – 2.75)
+ Attitudes to ATOD use	3.30a	(3.12 – 3.20)	3.09 a	(3.07 – 3.72)	3.30 a	(3.25 – 3.35)	3.38 a	(2.79 – 3.42)	3.94 a	(3.88 – 3.99)	3.47 a	(3.15 – 3.81)
School
School opportunities + involvement	0.73a	(0.72 – 0.74)	0.74 a	(0.68 – 0.81)	0.71 a	(0.70 – 0.72)	0.79 a	(0.72 – 0.87)	0.71 a	(0.71 – 0.72)	0.77 a	(0.71 – 0.84)
School rewards + involvement	0.69a	(0.68 – 0.70)	0.62 a	(0.57 – 0.68)	0.69 a	(0.68 – 0.70)	0.70 a	(0.63 – 0.77)	0.68 a	(0.67 – 0.69)	0.67 a	(0.62 – 0.73)
− Academic performance	1.48a	(1.46 – 1.50)	1.39 a	(1.27 – 1.51)	2.07 a	(2.04 – 2.11)	1.89 a	(1.71 – 2.10)	1.73 a	(1.71 – 1.76)	1.67 a	(1.54 – 1.82)
Low school commitment	1.96a	(1.94 – 1.99)	1.93 a	(1.76 – 2.11)	2.15 a	(2.11 – 2.18)	1.86 a	(1.68 – 2.06)	2.08 a	(2.05 – 2.11)	1.87 a	(1.71 – 2.04)

Note. ATOD= Alcohol, tobacco and other drugs; AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native. The models include age and gender as covariates. The coefficients listed are odds ratios,

^a= p <.001;

^b= p <.01;

^c= p<.05;

^ns= p ≥ .05.

^PF= Protective factor;

^RF= Risk factor.