Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic reviews of case–control studies assessing the association between surgery and sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (n = 13).
| Study | Country | Year | Type of surgery | Number of cases | Number of controls | NOS | Longitudinal control sampling |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harries-Jones et al, 1988 [28] | England and Wales | 1980–84 | Any surgery | 122 (93 definite, 29 probable) |
2 per case (184) | 6 | Yes |
| Collins et al, 1999 [18] | Australia | 1970–77 | Cardiovascular, tonsillectomy, appendectomy, gall bladder, eye, dental, any surgery | 241 (151 definite, 90 probable) |
More than 3 per case (784) | 7 | No |
| Laske et al, 1999 [29] | Germany | 1997–98 | Any surgery | 37 (7 definite, 30 probable) |
37 | 5 | Yes |
| Zerr et al, 2000 [22] | 6 European countries | 1993–95 | Tonsillectomy, appendectomy, gall bladder, eye, dental, neurological, any surgery | 405 (199 definite, 206 probable) |
405 | 5 | Yes |
| Nakamura et al, 2000 [27] | Japan | 1996–99 | Appendectomy, any surgery | 52 of 83 reported CJD cases |
102 | 4 | Yes |
| Ward et al, 2002 [23] | 4 European countries | 1993–95 | Tonsillectomy, appendectomy, gall bladder, eye, neurological, any surgery | 326 (169 definite, 157 probable) |
326 | 6 | No |
| Ward et al, 2008 [20] | United Kingdom | 1998–2006 | Cardiovascular, tonsillectomy, appendectomy, eye, dental, neurological, any surgery | 431 (298 definite, 133 probable), Median age: 51 years |
454 | 8 | Yes |
| Mahíllo-Fernández et al, 2008 [19] | Denmark and Sweden | 1994–2003 (Denmark), 1987–2002 (Sweden) | Cardiovascular | 167 (113 definite, 54 probable) |
835 matched, 2,224 unmatched | 10 | Yes |
| Hamaguchi et al, 2009 [24] | Japan | 1999–2008 | Eye, neurological, any surgery | 753 definite or probable |
210 | 3 | Yes |
| Ruegger et al, 2009 [25] | Switzerland | 2001–2004 | Eye, appendectomy, dental, neurological, any surgery | 69 cases 61 definite 8 probable |
224 matched | 6 | No |
| De Pedro-Cuesta et al, 2011 [21] | Denmark and Sweden | 1994–2003 (Denmark), 1987–2002 (Sweden) | Cardiovascular | 167 (113 definite, 54 probable) |
835 matched, 2,224 unmatched | 10 | Yes |
| Puopolo et al, 2011 [30] | Italy | 1993–2008 | Any surgery | 741 (563 definite, 178 probable) | 482 | 6 | Yes |
| Surgery time predating diagnosis | |||||||
| De Pedro-Cuesta et al, 2014 [26] | Denmark and Sweden | 1994–2003 (Denmark), 1987–2002 (Sweden) | Time lag between surgery and disease onset | 167 (113 definite, 54 probable) |
835 matched, 2,224 unmatched | 10 | Yes |
CJD: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; NOS: Newcastle–Ottawa scale.