Table 4.

Select Studies Linking Diabetes Complications With Microvascular Complications in the Brain Through Shared Microvascular Mechanisms

Peripheral Microvascular Complication	Shared Microvascular Mechanisms	Brain Outcomes
		Brain Atrophy	WMH	Infracts	CMBs	Cognitive
Retinopathy	Arteriovenous nicking			Cooper et al. (282)	Qiu et al. (283)	Qiu et al. (284)
	Microhemorrhages			Cooper et al. (282)	Qiu et al. (283)	Qiu et al. (284)
	Venular dilation	Ikram et al. (285)		Cooper et al.; Ikram et al. (282, 285)		Qiu et al. (284)
Nephropathy	Hypertension	Reviewed Beauchet et al. (286)	Verhaaren et al.; King et al. (287, 288)		Reviewed Loitfelder et al. (289)	Reviewed Beauchet et al. (286)
	Creatinine	Rajagopalan et al. (290)		Reviewed Vogels et al. (291)
	Cystatin C	Rajagopalan et al. (290)	(292)			Umemura et al. (293)
	Glomerular filtration rate			Reviewed Vogels et al. (291)		Kurella Tamura et al. (294)
	Islet amyloid polypeptide	Jackson et al. (295)
Neuropathy	Hyperglycemia	Manschot et al.; Launer et al.; Ursache et al. (296–298)	Manschot et al. (298)			Crane et al. (299)
	AGEs, RAGE		Hudson et al. (300)		Hudson et al. (300)
	Vitamin B12 deficiency	Tangney et al. (301)	Feng et al.; de Lau et al.; Tangney et al. (301–303)	Kealey et al. (304)	Tangney et al. (301)	Smith et al. (303)

Unexplored common features in humans include the following: pericyte loss, microvascular reactivity, AGEs, ROS, etc.