Table 2.
Determinants of travel patterns. We used forward generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression with compound symmetry covariance structure, and all terms are odds ratios (95% CI). First, the unadjusted associations with each variable and the outcome were considered. To evaluate potential confounding by remoteness, each unadjusted association was adjusted for remoteness only. A series of models was used to investigate the relationships between the remaining variables. Model 1 contained only village-level variables. Model 2 was further adjusted for education. Model 3 further adjusted for occupation. Model 4 included all variables in model 3 as well as duration of residence and age.
| Unadjusted | Remoteness Adjusted |
Model 1 Village |
Model 2 Model 1+ Education |
Model 3 Model 2+ Occupation |
Model 4 Fully Adjusted |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Village variables | ||||||
| Remoteness | 0.69(0.59,0.82) | 0.69(0.59,0.82) | 0.48(0.35, 0.66) | 0.46(0.34, 0.61) | 0.51(0.38,0.68) | 0.51(0.38,0.67) |
| Mean duration of residence (yr) | 1.06(1.02, 1.10) | 1.06(1.02,1.10) | 1.05(1.01,1.08) | 1.05(1.02,1.08) | 1.04(1.01,1.08) | 1.04(1.01,1.07) |
| Secondary school availability (y/n) | 1.47(1.11,1.95) | 0.76(0.58,1.00) | 0.61(0.40,0.94) | 0.50(0.35,0.70) | 0.56(0.40,0.78) | 0.53(0.37,0.76) |
| Individual and household variables | ||||||
| Highest household education (yr) | 1.11(1.09,1.13) | 1.10(1.08,1.13) | -- | 1.11(1.09,1.13) | 1.10(1.08,1.13) | 1.10(1.08,1.12) |
| Occupation | -- | -- | ||||
| None | 1.00(Ref) | 1.00(Ref) | -- | -- | 1.00(Ref) | 1.00(Ref) |
| Domestic vs. None | 2.77(1.99,3.87) | 2.70(1.96,3.73) | -- | -- | 2.89(2.10,3.99) | 1.64(1.14,2.36) |
| Agriculture vs. None | 2.54(1.81,3.57) | 2.47(1.78,3.43) | -- | -- | 2.71(1.97,3.71) | 1.50(1.13,1.98) |
| Salaried vs. None | 7.82(5.27,11.58) | 7.37(4.91,11.07) | -- | -- | 5.69(3.95,8.20) | 3.27(2.15,4.96) |
| Other vs. None | 4.51(2.89,7.03) | 4.36(2.78,6.84) | -- | -- | 4.21(2.57,6.90) | 2.43(1.51,3.92) |
| Duration of residence (yr) | 0.99(0.90,1.10) | 1.00(0.91,1.09) | -- | -- | -- | 1.04(0.95,1.13) |
| Age | ||||||
| <5 | 1.00(Ref) | 1.00(Ref) | -- | -- | -- | 1.00(Ref) |
| 5–13 | 0.75(0.59,0.95) | 0.77(0.62,0.95) | -- | -- | -- | 0.65(0.50,0.85) |
| >13 | 2.94(2.25,3.85) | 2.83(2.15,3.73) | -- | -- | -- | 1.73(1.30,2.31) |