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. 2017 Dec 6;7:17082. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17357-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NaF exposure induces DNA damage and apoptosis in porcine cumulus cells. (a) DNA damage in cumulus cells was assessed by performing the comet assay. Control cumulus cells showed slight DNA damage, whereas NaF-treated cumulus cells showed notable DNA damage. (b) Fold changes in tail moment and length in NaF-treated cumulus cells. (c) Apoptosis of cumulus cells was assessed by performing the TUNEL assay. The percentage of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cumulus cells significantly increased after NaF treatment. (d) Quantitative analysis of the effect of NaF on the apoptosis of cumulus cells; scale bar = 50 μm. (e) Expression of apoptosis-related genes in cumulus cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Statistically significant differences are indicated by asterisks (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01).