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. 2017 Dec 6;7:17056. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17316-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transfection toxicity can be reduced and efficacy retained by a combination of lowering the N/P and increasing the dose. (a) The effect of increasing pLuc dose (up to 6 μg) on transfection efficacy in CHO cells using three different N/P ratios for complexing PF14 with pDNA. (b) In vivo reporter gene delivery efficacies of CPP/pLuc at N/P4, compared to N/P2. pDNA doses, formulated with PF14 at indicated N/P are shown in the X axis. Data are represented as a fold increase of RLU/mg over sham treatment (using the same dose of naked pDNA). (c) Accumulation of PF14/pDNA nanoparticles in lung tissue, using Cy5-labelled pDNA. The cryosections of the lungs represent 1 h post-injection. Scale bar 50 μm.