Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the study cohort.
| Total | Male | Female | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample (n) | 5090 | 919 | 4171 | |
| NGT | 1861 (36.56%) | 336 (36.56%) | 1525 (36.56%) | 0.7840 |
| IGR | 1897 (37.27%) | 335 (36.45%) | 1562 (37.45%) | |
| T2DM | 1332 (26.17%) | 248 (26.99%) | 1084 (25.99%) | |
| Osteoporosis | 2495 (49.02%) | 133 (14.47%) | 2362 (56.63%) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin-secreting agents (n) | 287 (5.6%) | 55 (6.0%) | 232 (5.6%) | – |
| Insulin-sensitizing agents (n) | 176 (3.5%) | 34 (3.7%) | 142 (3.4%) | – |
| Age (year) | 62.76±4.40 | 67.21±2.15 | 61.78±4.16 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.95±3.38 | 24.70±3.28 | 24.99±3.40 | 0.0390 |
| WC (cm) | 84 (78, 90) | 87 (80, 93) | 84 (77, 90) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (5.4, 6.1) | 5.7 (5.4, 6.0) | 5.7 (5.5, 6.1) | 0.0011 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 39 (36, 43) | 39 (36, 42) | 39 (37, 43) | 0.0011 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133 (124, 144) | 133 (125, 145) | 133 (124, 144) | 0.1528 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82 (79, 88) | 82 (79, 89) | 82 (79, 88) | 0.2237 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 34.0 (28.4, 38.4) | 23.1 (19.4, 26.3) | 35.5 (31.6, 39.1) | <0.0001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 20.5 (16.2, 25.0) | 15.9 (11.9, 19.5) | 21.4 (17.4, 25.8) | <0.0001 |
| VFA (cm2) | 113.7 (85.8, 143.1) | 118.8 (84.9, 156.3) | 112.7 (86.0, 140.5) | 0.0018 |
| SFA (cm2) | 151.4 (115.4, 193.9) | 119.6 (90.4, 150.8) | 158.5 (123.7, 201.4) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.0 (1.3, 2.9) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.5) | 2.0 (1.4, 3.0) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-β | 58.8 (40.6, 83.7) | 47.4 (31.9, 67.5) | 61.3 (42.9, 86.3) | <0.0001 |
| GUTT-ISI | 57.4 (41.3, 76.2) | 63.0 (44.5, 86.2) | 56.4 (40.6, 74.3) | <0.0001 |
| STU-1 | 1426.0 (868.1, 1826.0) | 1448.4 (793.8, 1925.2) | 1419.8 (882.7, 1806.9) | 0.1393 |
| STU-2 | 363.9 (237.5, 450.0) | 369.1 (221.2, 468.0) | 363.3 (241.4, 445.6) | 0.2761 |
| N-MID (ng/mL) | 23.1 (18.2, 29.0) | 16.7 (13.6, 21.3) | 24.5 (19.6, 30.1) | <0.0001 |
| PINP (ng/mL) | 57.1 (41.9, 74.0) | 38.0 (28.8, 48.3) | 60.0 (45.4, 77.0) | <0.0001 |
| β-CTX (ng/mL) | 0.36 (0.27, 0.48) | 0.28 (0.22, 0.36) | 0.37 (0.28, 0.49) | <0.0001 |
Data are shown as the mean±SD or as the median (interquartile range). NGT: normal glucose tolerance; IGR: impaired glucose regulation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumstance; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; VFA: visceral fat area; SFA: subcutaneous fat area; HOMA: homeostasis model analysis; STU-1: Stumvoll first-phase insulin secretion index; STU-2: Stumvoll second-phase insulin secretion index; N-MID: N-terminal osteocalcin; PINP: N-terminal procollagen of type I collagen; β-CTX: β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen. The variables with a skewed distribution were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Proportions of the categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test.