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. 2017 Nov 20;7(11):e015640. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015640

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This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The biases with the effects of E→M₁ (red), E→M₂ (blue), M₁→D (black) and M₂→D (green) increasing, respectively. Comparison of the bias of different effects in three adjustment models: (A) adjustment for M₁, (B) adjustment for M₂ and (C) adjustment for M₁ and M₂. The OR of target effects (eg, E→M₁) from 1 to 10 given the effects of causal edges fixed ln2 and the effect of confounder edges fixed ln5 (colour figure online).