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. 2017 Dec 7;7:17184. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17472-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of the ex vivo organ culture experiment. Lumbar spines from organ donors were assessed radiographically for signs of degeneration. Three discs per experiment lacking signs of degeneration were isolated from a spine, cultured for 4–6 days and injected with PBS, Pam2CSK4 of 30 kDa fibronectin fragments. Discs were then cultured for 28 days, with media changes every 3–4 days. NP tissues punches were taken at the end of the experiment.