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. 2017 Dec 7;7:17140. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17127-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Insights on the age of Q from rs109231213 genotypes in ancient DNA. (a) Alignments of next-generation sequencing data reported by Park et al.⁴⁵ from a >6,000 years old bovine humerus found in England. This specimen carried a qq genotype, as evidenced by all reads (horizontal grey bars) presenting allele G at rs109231213 (dashed rectangle). (b) A polled cranium (specimen #159) from ~1,000 yBP was recovered from a ritual gathering site in Hofstadir, Iceland⁴⁶. Target-sequencing of its petrous bone revealed a QQ genotype (i.e., all clones exhibited allele C at rs109231213). (c) A second polled cranium (specimen #2439) recovered from Skalholt and dating >300 yBP returned a heterozygous genotype. (d) Two molar teeth from a Medieval site in Northern Italy (US123 and US124) and a molar tooth (MU15) and a long bone (MU18) belonging to the late Roman age (>1,700 yBP) all presented qq genotypes.