Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcome measures for VATU trial
| Cronbach's αa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Construct | Reference | Description | Woman | Man | Child |
| Primary outcome | ||||||
| Severity of Violence against Women Scale (SVAWS) | Violence | Marshall (1992) | 46 items assessing how often (never, once, a few times, many times) a current partner perpetrated acts of violence against the participant in the past year. Subscales include: (a) threats of violence; (b) physical violence; and (c) sexual violence. Previously used in a study of IPV among women with partners who have alcohol abuse in South Africa (Peltzer & Pengpid, 2013) | 0.95 | – | – |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| World Health Organization IPV measure (WHO-IPV)b | Violence | World Health Organization (2005) | Nine items assessing how many times a current or previous partner ever and recently perpetrated acts of violence (never, once, a few, many). Previously used in the WHO multi-country study on Women's Health, including in Tanzania and Namibia | 0.95 | 0.96 | – |
| Youth Victimization Scale (YVS) | Violence | Nadel et al. (1996) | 135 items assessing how often (never, once, sometimes, often) youth have experienced various types of recent violence at school, in the neighborhood, and at home | – | – | 0.98 |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)c | Alcohol | Saunders et al. (1993) | 10 items assessing hazardous alcohol use. Scores of ⩾3 for women and ⩾4 for men are considered hazardous. Previously validated in Zambia (Chishinga et al. 2011) | 0.88 | 0.85 | – |
| Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) | Drug use | Humeniuk et al. (2008) | Seven items assessing frequency and consequences of use for a range of substance types. Previously validated in Zambia (Kane et al. 2016a) | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | Depression | Radloff (1977) | 20 items assessing frequency of depression symptoms over the past week (never, 1–2, 3–4, 5–7 days). Previously validated in Zambia (Chishinga et al. 2011) | 0.92 | 0.90 | – |
| Youth Self Report | Mental/behavioral health | Achenbach (1991) | 112 items assessing occurrence of child mental health symptoms and behaviors in the past 4 weeks. Response options are: not true, sometimes true, very true. Subscales assess internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Validation study among adolescents in Zambia currently underway as part of an ongoing study (clinicaltrials.gov # NCT02054780) | – | – | 0.98 |
| Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Trauma/post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Mollica et al. (1992) | 17 items assessing lifetime experience of a range of traumatic events. 39 items assessing symptoms of post-traumatic stress in the past week (not at all, a little, quite a bit, extremely) | 0.96 | 0.95 | – |
| Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) | Trauma/PTSD | Foa et al. (2001) | 14 items assessing lifetime experience of a range of traumatic events. 17 items assessing symptoms of post-traumatic stress in youth in the past 2 weeks (never, once in a while, more than half the time, almost always). Validation study among adolescents in Zambia currently underway as part of an ongoing study (clinicaltrials.gov # NCT02054780) | – | – | 0.93 |
| Aggression Scale | Aggression | Orpinas & Frankowski (2001) | 11 items assessing frequency (range of 0 times to 6+ times) of youth aggressive behaviors over the past week | – | – | 0.87 |
| Gender Equitable Men's Scale (GEMS) | Gender norms | Pulerwitz & Barker (2007) | 24 items assessing the degree to which adult participants agree (agree, partially agree, do not agree) with statements on gender norms | 0.88 | 0.89 | – |
| Index of Psychological Abuse (IPA) | Psychological violence | Sullivan & Bybee (1999) | 33 items assessing how often a partner perpetrated psychological abuse over the past 3 months (never, rarely, sometimes, often) | 0.94 | – | – |
| Hair sample for cortisol biomarker | Chronic stress | Henley et al. (2013) | – | – | – | – |
a
Cronbach's α calculated from all available baseline data
b
The woman reports experiencing violence and the man reports perpetration of violence on the WHO-IPV measure
c
Participants complete two versions of the AUDIT; one in reference to their own alcohol use and one in reference to their partner's alcohol use