Table 4.
Risk Factors for Symptomatic and Asymptomatic PUD
| Variables | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Symptomatic PUD | Age | 1.018 (1.004–1.033) | 0.012 | 1.025 (1.008–1.043) | 0.004 |
| Male sex | 2.625 (1.738–3.965) | <0.001 | 1.415 (0.861–2.326) | 0.171 | |
| Current smoker | 3.829 (2.614–5.609) | <0.001 | 3.468 (2.235–5.380) | <0.001 | |
| Heavy drinker | 3.674 (2.258–5.979) | <0.001 | 1.643 (0.912–2.960) | 0.098 | |
| H. pylori infection | 2.057 (1.389–3.047) | <0.001 | 1.899 (1.237–2.917) | 0.003 | |
| Reflux esophagitis | 1.846 (1.102–3.093) | 0.020 | 1.539 (0.870–2.722) | 0.138 | |
| Diabetes | 2.001 (1.161–3.450) | 0.013 | 1.336 (0.723–2.470) | 0.355 | |
| NSAIDs | 2.096 (1.216–3.614) | 0.008 | 1.905 (1.031–3.519) | 0.040 | |
| Asymptomatic PUD | Age | 1.012 (1.003–1.022) | 0.007 | 1.024 (1.013–1.035) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 2.319 (1.797–2.992) | <0.001 | 1.871 (1.362–2.569) | <0.001 | |
| BMI | 1.062 (1.028–1.096) | <0.001 | 1.023 (0.984–1.063) | 0.258 | |
| Current smoker | 2.575 (2.014–3.293) | <0.001 | 2.134 (1.617–2.818) | <0.001 | |
| Heavy drinker | 1.553 (1.007–2.396) | 0.046 | 1.069 (0.671–1.702) | 0.779 | |
| H. pylori infection | 1.938 (1.514–2.482) | <0.001 | 2.186 (1.657–2.883) | <0.001 | |
| No atrophic gastritis | 1.331 (1.056–1.678) | 0.016 | 1.854 (1.419–2.424) | <0.001 | |
PUD, peptic ulcer disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BMI, body mass index.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed and the significant results are highlighted in bold.