Table 5. Relative gene expression of anterior and posterior intestinal sections of gilthead sea bream fed experimental diets.

Data are the mean ± SEM of 9 fish. All values are referred to sirt1 with an arbitrary value of 1 in the anterior intestine of fish fed D1. P-values are the result of two-way analysis of variance followed by SNK test.

	Anterior intestine			Posterior intestine			ANOVA II, P-value
	D1-CTRL	D2-DICOSAN	D3-Probiotic	D1-CTRL	D2-DICOSAN	D3-Probiotic	Int. Segment	Diet	Interaction
sirt1	1.03 ± 0.09	0.84 ± 0.04∗	0.77 ± 0.04∗	0.85 ± 0.09	0.84 ± 0.09	0.89 ± 0.15	0.847	0.441	0.283
sirt2	1.22 ± 0.11	1.05 ± 0.03∗	0.93 ± 0.06∗	1.09 ± 0.10	1.06 ± 0.11	1.12 ± 0.13	0.741	0.378	0.253
sirt3	0.52 ± 0.07	0.35 ± 0.02∗	0.34 ± 0.03∗	0.46 ± 0.08	0.42 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.08	0.187	0.203	0.129
sirt4	0.15 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02	0.549	0.642	0.569
sirt5	1.08 ± 0.10	1.04 ± 0.05	0.96 ± 0.10	1.11 ± 0.12	1.04 ± 0.058	1.24 ± 0.09	0.171	0.768	0.264
sirt6	0.24 ± 0.03	0.21 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.03	0.19 ± 0.02	0.25 ± 0.03	0.939	0.465	0.162
sirt7	0.26 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.01†	0.18 ± 0.01∗∗	0.25 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.02	0.26 ± 0.05	0.360	0.453	0.219
ocln	6.36 ± 0.66	6.02 ± 0.23	6.73 ± 0.61	8.52 ± 0.54	10.2 ± 0.83	9.71 ± 1.35	<0.001	0.583	0.431
cldn12	0.94 ± 0.10	1.05 ± 0.05	0.95 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.12	1.29 ± 0.13	1.16 ± 0.13	0.035	0.154	0.716
cldn15	27.3 ± 3.69	23.5 ± 0.76	26.5 ± 1.95	40.1 ± 3.73	48.7 ± 6.90	48.7 ± 9.13	<0.001	0.772	0.493
cdh1	22.8 ± 2.76	14.4 ± 0.68∗∗	14.8 ± 0.77∗∗	12.22 ± 1.17	15.4 ± 1.63	12.5 ± 0.92	0.001	0.032	0.001
cdh17	72.0 ± 7.72	62.7 ± 1.77	71.9 ± 4.14	45.9 ± 2.07	53.03 ± 4.42	49.9 ± 4.06	<0.001	0.759	0.150
alpi	112.7 ± 9.78	124.4 ±7.99†	97.7 ± 8.36	28.8 ± 3.79	40.8 ± 6.60	35.5 ± 3.35	<0.001	0.041	0.313
fabp1	159.5 ± 16.5	155.4 ± 8.64	147.8 ± 6.87	119.8 ± 18.3	136.6 ± 30.2	142.4 ± 23.8	0.113	0.882	0.872
fabp2	364.0 ± 94.9	734.4 ± 104.9∗	556.2 ± 73.8	606.9 ± 83.5	1208.5 ± 210.6∗	799.2 ± 189.8	0.006	0.003	0.599
fabp6	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	3423.5 ± 507.1	2563.6 ± 440.6	2874.4 ± 435.9	<0.001	0.424	0.424
muc2	41.5 ± 3.3	44.4 ± 3.03	39.06 ± 2.60	37.9 ± 3.24	32.6 ± 2.84	39.5 ± 4.02	0.063	0.923	0.142
muc13	149.2 ± 17.1	118.7 ± 5.49	107.9 ± 6.22∗	101.6 ± 9.47	121.7 ± 10.2	98.7 ± 7.93	0.027	0.067	0.037
i-muc	0.14 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.04	0.13 ± 0.02	7.29 ± 3.10	26.6 ± 16.9	29.1 ± 18.2	0.015	0.513	0.513
hes1-b	3.82 ± 0.67	3.3 ± 0.36	3.59 ± 0.39	4.04 ± 0.45	4.61 ± 0.70	5.05 ± 1.17	0.078	0.808	0.636
klf4	2.88 ± 0.25	2.68 ± 0.17	3.15 ± 0.28	2.21 ± 0.18	2.90 ± 0.19∗	2.87 ± 0.22∗	0.186	0.136	0.143
tnfα	0.13 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.02	0.094	0.356	0.108
il1β	0.08 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.02	0.002	0.849	0.964
il6	0.03 ± 0.01	0.02 ±0.00†	0.04 ± 0.00	0.02 ± 0.00	0.02 ± 0.00	0.04 ± 0.01	0.615	0.024	0.596
il8	0.25 ± 0.04	0.13 ± 0.01∗∗	0.17 ± 0.03	0.32 ± 0.09	0.21 ± 0.03	0.22 ± 0.04	0.050	0.038	0.939
il10	0.11 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.03	0.001	0.916	0.817
cd4	0.53 ± 0.12	0.35 ± 0.02∗	0.32 ± 0.02∗	0.55 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.06	0.45 ± 0.05	0.032	0.038	0.446
cd8α	0.80 ± 0.09	0.86 ± 0.09	0.71 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.13	1.10 ± 0.15	1.15 ± 0.19	0.036	0.382	0.259
cd8β	0.12 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.04	0.008	0.522	0.458
lgals1	5.70 ± 0.70	5.92 ± 0.37	5.31 ± 0.50	10.2 ± 0.97	10.4 ± 0.83	9.86 ± 1.23	<0.001	0.741	1.000
lgals8	3.77 ± 0.40	2.76 ± 0.15∗	2.72 ± 0.24∗	3.00 ± 0.33	4.23 ± 0.70	3.92 ± 0.78	0.131	0.935	0.074
sIgM	10.1 ± 3.59	4.14 ± 0.86	5.77 ± 0.66	11.9 ± 3.87	8.09 ± 2.90	8.36 ± 1.67	0.180	0.134	0.906
sIgT	0.10 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.01†	0.12 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.04	0.403	0.146	0.518
mIgM	0.20 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.01	0.40 ± 0.09	0.23 ± 0.04	0.38 ± 0.10	0.002	0.231	0.41
mIgT	0.45 ± 0.03	0.44 ± 0.05	0.58 ± 0.11	0.59 ± 0.06	0.83 ± 0.09	1.56 ± 0.46∗	<0.001	0.004	0.038

Notes.

Asterisks (*), indicate significant differences (^∗P < 0.05,^∗∗P < 0.01) between control and experimental diets. Crosses (†), indicate significant differences (†P < 0.05) between experimental diets.