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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Struct Equ Modeling. 2017 Apr 25;24(5):733–744. doi: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1311775

TABLE 3.

Study 2: Stage 1 Average Estimates and Percent Bias for Specific Indirect Effects

N 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000
Noise excluded Estimate 0.367 0.371 0.399 0.420 0.436 0.447
Percent bias 22.9% 22.1% 16.2% 11.8% 8.4% 6.1%
Noise included Estimate 0.403 0.403 0.413 0.440 0.449 0.453
Percent bias 15.4% 15.4% 13.2% 7.6% 5.7% 4.9%

Note. Population value is 0.4761. Results separated by whether XMed was able to successfully exclude noise variables or whether some were included.