Table 2.

Risk factors for bipolar disorder in patients with COPD.

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Variables	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value
Age < 65 years	1.56 (1.27–1.91)	<0.001	2.01 (1.61–2.51)	<0.001
Female sex	1.40 (1.16–1.70)	<0.001	1.30 (1.08–1.58)	0.007
Charlson comorbidities
AIDS	0.00 (0.00–a)	0.968
Cancer	1.30 (0.97–1.76)	0.081	1.24 (0.92–1.68)	0.160
Cerebrovascular disease	1.46 (1.17–1.81)	0.001	1.35 (1.06–1.72)	0.015
Congestive heart failure	0.96 (0.71–1.31)	0.810
Dementia	2.94 (2.07–4.19)	<0.001	3.11 (2.12–4.57)	<0.001
Diabetes with end-organ damage	0.99 (0.66–1.48)	0.955
Diabetes without end-organ damage	0.90 (0.72–1.14)	0.383
Metastatic cancer	1.77 (0.79–3.97)	0.165
Myocardial infarction	1.25 (0.75–2.10)	0.393
Peptic ulcer disease	1.57 (1.29–1.89)	<0.001	1.48 (1.22–1.80)	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	1.73 (1.12–2.66)	0.013	1.53 (0.99–2.36)	0.057
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	0.92 (0.48–1.79)	0.815
Kidney disease	1.40 (1.06–1.85)	0.018	1.25 (0.94–1.66)	0.129
Connective tissue disease	1.47 (1.03–2.10)	0.034	1.27 (0.88–1.81)	0.199
Severe liver disease	0.86 (0.21–3.44)	0.829

HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

^aDo not converge.